Transcript Document

Health Psychology
Class 2
Physiology, Part I
"Were they normal?" What a question to ask! And it is always
those who know nothing about human nature, who are bored
by psychology and shocked by physiology, who ask it.
E.M. Forester (1910), Howards End
Topics Covered Today
1. Nervous system
2. Endocrine system
3. Cardiovascular system
Nervous System Functions
Functions of the NS?
Sensation/sensory: What are the senses?
Sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste, kinesthesia, proprioception
Generate thoughts and emotions
Execution of movement
Regulation of other systems
Respiratory, digestive, circulatory, etc.
Neuron—Building Block of NS
synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters …are chemicals released by axons, absorbed by
dendrites, passing messages from neuron to neuron.
Subsystems of Nervous System
Sensory (visual) to brain
Brain to spinal cord
Spinal cord to
peripheral
nerves
Peripheral nerves to
muscles
Autonomic NS
Sympathetic NS
Mobilize for action
(fight/flight)
Parasympathetic NS
Restores to equilibrium after
danger passed
The Brain
The Brain
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex)
Diencephalons
Hindbrain
Principle Lobes of the Brain
Basal Ganglia: Moderates Muscle Movement
Recticular Activating System (RAS)
RAS: “Mr. Attention”
Limbic System
Limbic System: “Mr. Emotion”
Autonomic Nervous System
Function: Control internal organs
Sympathetics NS
a. Emergencies, emotions, hard work
b. Activated during stress
c. Catabolic = energy using
Parasympathetic NS
a. Controls organs during normal times
(non emergencies)
b. Antagonistic to sympathetic NS
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that pass between nerve cells.
Catecholamines: Epinephrine and norepinephrine
a. Released in response to stress
b. Body changes
1. Sympathetic NS arousal
2. HR increases
3. Respiration increases
4. Digestion/urination decrease (why?)
c. Chronic stress taxes systems: Leads to?
Heart disease, Hypertension
Diseases and Dysfunctions of the Nervous System
Epilepsy
Cerebral palsy
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia Gravis
Huntington's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Paraplegia
Quadriplegia
Endocrine System
Endocrine collaborates with NS
NS – Fast, short acting
Endocrine –slow, long lasting
Glands, secrete hormones to blood
Stimulate organ changes
Regulated by hypothalamus, pituitary
Oxytocin: love chemical
Adrenals: Release steroids, regulate
kidneys, carbo. metabolism, healing.
Adrenals are implicated by stress
Pituitary Gland & Hypothalamus
Telencephalon (cerebral cortex)
Diencephalons
Hindbrain
Diabetes
Nature: Body does not produce or utilize insulin
Insulin: Converts sugar and carbs into energy
Type I (insulin dependent)
a. Not enough insulin produced
b. Most serious
Type II
a. Body not responsive to insulin
b. Leads to obesity
Symptoms
a. Hypoglycemia: insufficient blood sugar, quick onset, give sugar.
b. Hyperglycemia: Too much blood sugar: thirst, slower onset, give insulin.
Complications: Heart disease, blindness, renal failure, amputation, death
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART
Circulatory System
Circulation Routing
Lungs to Cells
Cells Back to Heart
Lungs (oxygenated blood)
cells, muscles, organs
↓
↓
heart (L. Ventrical)
heart (R. Atrium)
↓
↓
aorta to arteries
lungs (CO2 expelled / Oxy inhaled)
↓
↓
muscles, organs, cells
Heart (L. Ventrical)
Color “in”?
Transports?
Red
Gasses, nutrients
Color “out”?
Transports?
Blue
Wastes
Cardiac Cycle Phases
Systole: Blood pumped INTO / OUT OF heart
Diastole: Blood pumped INTO / OUT OF heart
Stress: Cycle accelerates, due to decreased diastolic phase,
which fatigues heart, thus reducing blood pumped out.
Diseases of the Heart
Atherosclerosis
Due to: cholesterol deposits
Symptoms:
a. Angina pectoris
b. Myocardial infarction (aka heart attack)
c. Aneurysm
d. Phlebitis
Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries
Rheumatic fever
Blood
Adult contains 5 liters—about 1.33 gallons
Composition
a. Plasma (55%): Proteins, salts, stuff cells transport
b. Blood cells (45%)
Blood cells
1. White blood cells
2. Lymphocytes
3. Red blood cells
4. Platelets
Blood Related Diseases
Leukemia: too many white blood cells, due to cancer
Leukocytosis: Too many white cells, due to disease response
Leukopenia: Too few white blood cells
Anemia: Too few red blood cells
Sickle cell anemia
Hemophilia: Can't produce clots. "Royal's disease", why?
Harry's Eventful Day
Harry is walking to his apartment. He comes to red light and stops.
The part of his brain used to make this decision is the:
X
_____
Telencephalon
_____ Diencehpalon
_____ Midbrain
_____ Corpus Trafficus
Harry passes a plate glass window and admires his smooth, regular
gait. He says to himself, "Wow, my
Basal Ganglia must really
be doing its thing!"
Then he passes Robert's Pizza, and takes a big whiff of sizzling
pepperoni, which activates the Temporal Lobe of his cerebral
cortex.
Harry stops by a newsstand, and sees a funny headline "Insane
orangutan on loose in Newark". The lobe in his cerebral cortex
used to comprehend and remember this headline is the
Frontal Lobe .
Harry goes up to his apartment, which he shares with Wilfred.
The place is completely trashed! Garbage strewn everywhere.
Broken lamps. Smashed DVDs.
Harry is about to scold Wilfred for his bad behavior, but he's
suddenly more alert due to this event. This is because his
Recticular Activating System is aroused.
Suddenly Harry spots a large orange/yellow hulking apelike thing
bouncing up and down on his bed. What part of Harry's autonomic
NS kicks into action, SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC?
The pathway through which this disturbing information is
processed is a follows:
Eyes to Occipital lobe, to the Thalamus which recognizes
sensory inputs, to the Hypothalamus which elevates Harry's
Heart Rate (HR) and Respiration and reduces his Digestive
activity and Sexual desires.
Harry is highly emotionally agitated, which is because his
SYMPATHETIC nervous system is activated. Because he is in
flight/fight mode, which structure within this system is aroused:
X
____
Amygdala & hippocampus
____ Cingulate gyrus & septum
____ Anterio thalamus
Because of this stressful event, Harry's adrenals go to work. The
Adrenal Cortex produces Corticosteroids
which increase
metabolism and reduce Inflamation in case of injury.
It secretes Adrenalin and Noradrenaline
Catacholamines which arouses his body for action.
(aka ),
Harry thinks to himself, “if that
crazed ape gets me, he could break
my back leading to Paraplegia , or
paralysis of my legs, or worse this
could lead to Quadraplegia or
paralysis of my upper body and
lower body”.
Suddenly the orangutan stops jumping, enters the living room, and says
"Hi Harry! how you like the new costume?" It's that crazy Wilfred. Harry
says, "Gee Wilfred, you sure had me going. I thought I would have a
Myocardial Infarction (aka Heart attack).”
Although the danger is over, Harry is still in an aroused state because
his SYMPATHETIC or PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system has not
yet returned his body to its normal state.