Transcript Respiratory System

Dys Pnea
 Tachy
 Brady
 Cardia
 epi Endo
scope
thorac
hema
-ology
scopy
perisub-

Respiration
› Unconscious exchange of air between lungs and
the external environment
› Breathing

Two types
› External
 Exchange of carbon dioxide CO2 and oxygen O2 between
the environment and the organism
› Internal
 Exchange of O2 and CO2 between internal body fluids (Ex:
blood and individual cells)

Oxygen
› Breathed into the lungs (O2)
› Body has a 4-6 minute supply of oxygen

Carbon Dioxide
› Exhaled out of the lungs
› CO2

Gas exchange
› Transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood
and the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood
into the exhaled air

Nose/mouth
› Route to take in O2 and expel CO2. mucous
membranes warm and humidify air

Cilia
› Tiny hairs that protect the nasal passages, trachea
and bronchi
› Move back and forth as air is inhaled, pushing
foreign particles (dust) toward the nostrils or pharynx

Pharynx
› Also known as the Throat

Larynx – also know as the voice box
Between pharynx and trachea
› Contains vocal cords that vibrate against each
other to cause sound
› www.fauquierent.net/voice2.htm

Epiglottis
www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvGYvK6qScE
› Lid like structure at the base of the tongue that
closes during swallowing so that food/drink does
not enter the lungs

Trachea
› Also known as Windpipe
› Connects the pharynx to the lungs
› Wrapped in cartilage for protection

Bronchus (plural bronchi)
› The trachea divides into two main bronchi (left
mainstem and right mainstem)
**Main airways within the lungs

Bronchioles
› Branch off of the bronchi.
› Do not contain cartilage
› Small airways within
the lungs

Alveolar sacs
›
›
›
›
Located at the end of the bronchioles
Look like a bunch of grapes
Surrounded by capillaries
Site of gas exchange

Lungs
› Right lung: 3 lobes
› Left lung: 2 lobes
Why is the left lung smaller than the right?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GERsM
FWYZrw
Normal vs. Abnormal lung structure

Auscultation
› Listening to sounds within the body using a stethoscope

Percussion
› Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density
of the underlying tissue
› “is the underlying tissue solid or filled with air?
› Lungs should sound hollow when tapping over them; should
NOT sound solid
› http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvyrA8c5cY0&NR=1/

Sputum
› Mucous expelled from the respiratory tract mixed with saliva
› Able to make diagnoses based on color and composition of
sputum

Rales
› Clicking, rattling and crackling noises
› Caused by the opening of small airways (alveoli
collapse by fluid or lack of air)
› Heard during inspiration where there is fluid or pus in
the alveoli
› Cause: pneumonia, bronchitis

Wheezing
› Whistling sound caused by bronchial airways being
narrowed or obstructed
› Cause: asthma, bronchitis

Rhonchi
› Coarse rattling sound (like snoring) caused by
sputum in the bronchial airways
› Heard during inhalation and exhalation
› Cause: bronchitis
› http://www.easyauscultation.com/lung-sounds-
reference-guide.aspx

Chest X ray (CXR)
› X ray of the thoracic region of the body to look
for lung problems (pathology)
› Diagnose pneumonia, tuberculosis(TB,) asthma
Diseases and Disorders

Hypoxemia - low levels of oxygen in the
blood

Dyspnea - difficult, painful breathing

Shortness of breath (SOB) - difficulty
“catching” your breath

Intubation - placement of an endotracheal
(ET) tube into the trachea of a person who is
unable to breathe on their own

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=441l
GyW6EYs/

Upper respiratory infection (URI)
› The common cold, Viral illness, highly contagious
› Lasts for a week
› Symptoms: runny nose, cough, fever, sore throat,
congestion
Would antibiotics be effective as treatment?
Why/why not?

Influenza
› The flu, Viral illness, highly contagious
› Symptoms: chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose,
muscle pain, fatigue
› Annual vaccination is recommended for the elderly, health
care workers, people with chronic diseases and pregnant
women
Why is a vaccine needed every year?
 Chronic, no cure
 Alveoli lose elasticity and deteriorate, CO2 becomes
trapped in alveoli and they become over expanded,
gas exchange is poor
 Usually caused by heavy smoking
 Symptoms: dyspnea, feeling of suffocation, barrel
chest, chronic cough, cyanosis
 Treatment: bronchodilators, oxygen, avoiding
smoking, prompt treatment of infections

Smoker’s lung with
emphysema

Normal lungs

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Any chronic lung disease that results in
obstruction of the airways

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma
and tuberculosis can lead to COPD

Smoking is the primary cause

Airflow obstruction due to bronchospasm,
swelling of the bronchioles and/or bronchi,
and increased mucous in the airways.
› Bronchospasm: severe contraction of smooth
muscle covering bronchioles/bronchi

Symptoms: wheezing, cough, dyspnea,
chest tightness, SOB

Reversible with inhaled medications that
relieve the bronchospasm

Bronchoscopy
› A bronchoscope (camera) is inserted into the
airways through the nose or mouth so the doctor
may look for abnormalities within the bronchi.
› http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqZc1JqArco

Tracheostomy
› An airway is created by making an incision into the
trachea through the neck
› Used as an emergency or a
permanent fix
1.
Place one balloon over the mouth of the bottle.
Force balloon into bottle
2. Cut off the neck of second balloon about 1-1.5
inches from top
3. Secure second balloon to bottom of bottle with
rubber band and tighten.
4. Pull balloon secured to b bottom of bottle down.
What do you see?
the lung works?
How does this demonstrate how

You providing patient care in a clinic.
A child comes in complaining of not
feeling well. As part of your assessment,
you check the child’s oxygen level. The
value is 89.
What do you consider when
determining what to do for the child?