Transcript End of Year Review - Saint Paul Public Schools

End of Year Review
Principles of Biomedical Sciences
Endocrine System
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System of “glands”
Hormones are produced and released
Hormones travel through bloodstream
Hormones act as chemical messengers
by binding to cells
• Example: insulin binds to cells which
allows glucose to be moved out of the
blood and into the cells
Endocrine System
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Respiratory System
• Oxygen passes through pharynx and
larynx (voice box) and down trachea
• Trachea branches into bronchial tubes
• Lungs are filled with millions of alveoli
• Oxygen leaves alveoli and passes into
blood and goes to the heart (left atrium)
• Carbon dioxide leaves blood and goes
into alveoli and is breathed out
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Endocrine: glands, hormones, chemical messengers
Cardiovascular: blood from heart through arteries and back to
heart through veins (collects oxygen from the lungs and delivers
oxygen to ALL cells and picks up carbon dioxide from ALL cells)
Respiratory: breathe` air into trachea, into bronchial tubes into
lungs into alveoli (air sacs) - oxygen into blood and carbon dioxide
out of blood
Digestive: esophagus, stomach, small intestine (small int. is
where food is broken down and put into the blood), large intestine
(waste out) ALL CELLS get energy from food (glucose, amino
acids) which is carried in blood
Immune: white blood cells, lymph nodes, kill microbes and cancer
Nervous: neurons (nerves) send and receive messages / muscles
need to receive a nerve impulse in order to work!
Urinary: kidneys, bladder - filter blood (water, salt and urea =
Blood
• Red blood cells outnumber white blood cells
1,000:1
• Red blood cells = 5,000,000 cu ml compared
to 7,000 white blood cells
• Blood is “connective tissue” (has extracellular
matrix)
• Red Blood Cells = erthythrocytes
• White Blood Cells = leukocytes
• Platelets = blood clotting cells
• r.b.c. and w.b.c. and platelets are formed in
the bone marrow
Heart Tissue Types
• What is a tissue?
• Cardiac muscle tissue: muscle of heart
that contracts!
• Nervous tissue: stimulates cardiac
muscle to contract
• Connective tissue: blood is a type of
connective tissue (cells within a loose
matrix)
Feedback Loops
• Negative versus positive!
• Type 1 Diabetes is a negative feedback
loop. Describe this with a partner
Macromolecules
• What is the main source of energy in
the body?
• Where is this energy stored?
Viruses
• Non-living (not cells)
• Carries DNA or RNA (what type of
macromolecule is this?)
• DNA or RNA can mutate
• Viruses are specific
• Mutations can cause virus to change its host!
• “bird flu” moves to humans, etc.