Transcript GLYCOLYSIS UP

SUGAR UP
QUESTIONS
CONTRAST
• SLOW TWITCH
MUSCLES
• Thin fibers
• Many mitochondrion
• Aerobic
• Many myoglobin
• Dark Meat
• Long Distance runs
• FAST TWITCH
MUSCLES
• Thick fibers
• Few Mitochondrion
• Anaerobic
• Few myoglobin
• Light Meat
• Sprinters, weight
lifting
Trace path of oxygen and carbon
dioxide as it passes through the
respiratory system
• Air enters nose and mouth
• Air travels through pharynx and larynx.
• Between these two is the epiglottis, a flap
to control air going to the trachea (has
cartilage rings to hold its shape).
• Branches into two bronchi; branches even
more into bronchioles.3
Trace path of oxygen and carbon
dioxide as it passes through the
respiratory system
• At the end of the bronchioles are grapelike
sacs called alveoli.
• They are surrounded by capillaries to
exchange O2 andCO2 with the blood.
• The membrane around the lungs is called
the pleura.
• The muscle called the diaphragm controls
the inhaling and exhaling.
Respiratory System
Where is the trachea?
Where is the trachea?
(8)
Where is the diaphragm?
Where is the diaphragm?
(6)
Which is inhalation?
Which is inhalation?
Where does the oxygen enters?
Where does the oxygen enters?
Nose (1) and
mouth (2)
Which is the diaphragm relaxing?
Which is the diaphragm relaxing?
What is located at #11?
What is located at #11?
alveoli
Respiratory System
• In which two openings does air enter
the respiratory system?
• Nose and mouth
• What is another name for the trachea?
Where is it?
• Windpipe and located below epiglottis
Respiratory System
• The trachea branches into what two
pipes as it enters the lungs?
• Bronchi
• What are the grapelike clusters at the
end of the small tubes in the lungs?
• alveoli
WHAT IS AT EACH AREA?
What electron carriers are at “D”
and at “E”?
“D” = NADH “E” = FADH2 + NADH
What waste gas leaves at “H”?
Carbon Dioxide
What processes are at A, B, C?
A (glycolysis) B (Krebs cycle)
C (ETC and chemiosmosis)
What is at “A” and “C”?
“A” = ETC “C” = ATP Synthase
Which electron carriers are in the
form WITH the electrons?
• FAD+
NAD+
• FADH2
NADH
FADH2
NADH
NAD+ comes from:
•
•
•
•
Niacin
Vitamin C
Cholesterol
Vitamin E
• ANSWER: niacin
What is redox?
• HINT AND WHAT IT REPRESENTS
• Leo goes Ger
• Loss of electrons = oxidation
• Gain of Electrons = reduction
Which is it?
• C6H12O6 converting to H2O is being:
• A. Oxidized
• B. Reduced
• ANSWER: Oxidized
Which is it?
• NAD+ converting to NADH is being:
• A. Oxidized
• B. Reduced
• ANSWER: Reduced
What process means without
oxygen?
• A. aerobic
• B. anaerobic
• ANSWER: anaerobic
What does this enzyme do?
• DEHYDROGENASE?
• ANSWER: Removes hydrogen
Which Generates the Most ATP
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER:E
Begins the oxidation of glucose
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: G
Occurs outside the mitochondrion
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: G
Produces 4 ATP/glucose by
substrate-level phosphorylation
(in the cytoplasm), but 2 ATP’s to
get it started
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: G
Oxidizes NADH and FADH2 to
NAD+ and FAD
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: E
Carried out by enzymes in the
matrix
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: K
Here e- and H+ combine with O2 to
form H2O
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: E
Occurs along inner mitochondrial
membrane
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: E
Generates most of the CO2
produced by cellular respiration
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: K
FADH2 and NADH deliver H+ and
e- to this stage
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: E
ATP synthase makes ATP
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: E
Reduces NAD+ and FAD,
producing NADH and FADH2
• G. Glycolysis
• K. Krebs cycle
• E. ETC/Chemiosmosis
• ANSWER: K
What anaerobes can make ATP
by fermentation OR aerobic
respiration?
• In other words, with or without
oxygen?
• Facultative anaerobes?
• Strict anaerobes?
• ANSWER: Facultative anaerobes
What is an organism that
normally uses aerobic respiration
to produce ATP, but it can
generate ATP without oxygen, via
alcoholic fermentation?
• HINTS: yeast, animals,
plants?
• ANSWER: yeast
Fermentors replenish their NAD+
by using NADH to oxidize what
acid?
• Citric
• Pyruvic
• Hydrochloric
• ANSWER: pyruvic (during
fermentation)
When oxygen is scare, what part of
humans can make ATP by lactic
acid fermentation?
• HINTS:
• Liver, muscles, bacteria, or
heart?
• ANSWER: muscles
Fermentation allows cells to make
ATP in the absence of:
•
•
•
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Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Electrons
Oxygen
• ANSWER: oxygen
For each molecule of glucose
consumed, 2 molecules of pyruvic
acid, 2 ATP, and 2 what form?
• NADH
• FADH2
• sucrose
• ANSWER:NADH
What are the waste products of
alcoholic fermentation besides
CO2?
• oxygen
• Ethanol
• Isopropyl alcohol
• ANSWER: ethanol
What kind of fermentation is used
to make cheese and yogurt?
• alcoholic
• Lactic acid
• ANSWER: lactic acid
• (like lactobacillus)
Fermentation makes how many
ATP per molecule of glucose?
• 2
• 4
• 34
• ANSWER: 2
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•
•
A cell can use what process to
make a small amount of ATP (2),
but it must somehow recycle its
NAD+ supply?
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
ETC/chemiosmosis
fermentation
• ANSWER: fermentation
Like anaerobic fermentation,
alcoholic fermentation produces
what gas as a waste product?
• Carbon dioxide
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• ANSWER: carbon dioxide
What kind of organisms require
anaerobic conditions only?
• Facultative anaerobes?
• Strict anaerobes?
• ANSWER:strict anaerobes
What is the formula for cellular
respiration?
• C6H12O6
•
+ 6 O2
• 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
• + ATP
What is the formula for cellular
respiration?
• C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
When one molecule of glucose
breaks down in cellular respiration,
what percent ends up as ATP
molecules?
• 100%
• 75%
• 40%
• 10%
• ANSWER: 40 %
What is another name for the Krebs
cycle?
•
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A. citric acid cycle
B. Calvin cycle
C. carbon dioxide cycle
D. glucose cycle
• ANSWER: citric acid cycle
What process means “sugar
breaking”
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A. Krebs cycle
B. fermentation
C. glycolysis
D. ETC
• ANSWER: glycolysis
Where does NAD+ come from?
•
•
•
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A. vitamin C
B. vitamin E
C. vitamin A
D. vitamin B (niacin)
•
ANSWER: niacin
What enzyme removes hydrogens?
• A. dehydrogenase
• B. lipase
• C. coenzyme A
• ANSWER: dehydrogenase
What does the ATP synthase
make?
•
•
•
•
A. glucose
B. pyruvic acid
C. ATP
D. water
• ANSWER: ATP
What is the final electron acceptor
of the ETC?
• A. oxygen
• B. NAD+
• C. FAD
• ANSWER: oxygen
Where does it take place?
• 1. cellular respiration
• 2. Krebs cycle
• 3. lactic acid
fermentation
• 4. alcoholic
fermentation
• 5. gives off CO2 as a
waste product
•
•
•
•
C = cytoplasm
M = mitochondrion
IM = inner membrane
IMS = inter
membrane space
• MX = matrix
Where does it take place?
• 1. cellular
respiration
• 2. Krebs cycle
• 3. lactic acid
fermentation
• 4. alcoholic
fermentation
• 5. gives off CO2 as a
waste product
• M
• MX
• C
• C
• MX
Where does it take place?
•
•
•
•
ETC
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
NADH and FADH2
(gives up e-)
• H+ ions collect
when NADH and
FADH2 give up e-
• C = cytoplasm
• M = mitochondrion
• IM = inner
membrane
• IMS = inter
membrane space
• MX = matrix
Where does it take place?
•
•
•
•
ETC
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
NADH and FADH2
(gives up e-)
• H+ ions collect
when NADH and
FADH2 give up e-
•
•
•
•
IM
C
MX
MX to IM
• IMS
What number?
2 3 4 6 34 38
ATP to start glycolysis?
ANSWER: 2
Total ATP made from glycolysis to
pyruvic acid?
ANSWER: 4
What number?
2 3 4 6 34 38
Net ATP made from glucose to pyruvic
acid?
ANSWER: 2
ATP from Krebs cycle?
ANSWER: 2
What number?
2 3 4 6 34 38
ATP from ETC and chemiosmosis?
ANSWER: 34
Total ATP from one glucose broken down
(glycolysis + Krebs cycle +
ETC/chemiosmosis) ?
ANSWER:38
What number?
2 3 4 6 34 38
Number of carbons in glucose?
ANSWER: 6
Number of carbons in pyruvic acid?
ANSWER: 3
What molecule is it?
• That grooms pyruvic acid to
enter the Krebs cycle?
ANSWER: coenzyme A
What molecule is it?
That is the final (ultimate)
electron acceptor?
ANSWER: oxygen
What molecule is it?
That forms when pyruvic acid
breaks down in muscles
(anaerobically)?
ANSWER: lactic acid
What 2 molecules…
• That form when pyruvic acid
breaks down in yeasts
(anaerobically)?
• ANSWER: carbon dioxide and
ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
What molecule is it?
• An electron carrier formed from
glycolysis?
• ANSWER:NAD+ to NADH
What molecule is it?
• 2 electron carriers formed in the
Krebs cycle?
• ANSWER: NADH and FADH2
What molecule…
• Forms after H+ ions go
through ATP synthase?
• ANSWER: ATP
What molecule is it?
• That is formed after H+ ions join
with oxygen?
• ANSWER: H2O
What molecule is it?
• That forms as a one-carbon waste
product in the Krebs cycle?
• ANSWER: carbon dioxide
What molecule is it?
• That is a 6-carbon molecule that
forms temporarily in the Krebs
cycle (2-C acetyl CoA and a 4-C
compound)?
• ANSWER: citric acid
What molecule is it?
• That forms from niacin?
• ANSWER: NAD+
How Alike? How Different?
• Substrate-level
phosphorylation
• Makes ATP
• Made in
cytoplasm
• Chemiosmosis
• Makes ATP
• Made in a
membrane
Is it ANAEROBIC OR AEROBIC?
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Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Chemiosmosis
Fermentation
ETC
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Anaerobic
Aerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Aerobic
How can you tell if a compound
was oxidized or reduced?
• HINTS: Not only Leo goes Ger , but
also what other ion usually
attaches to the e-?
• Reduced = gain electrons
• (ALSO GAIN Hydrogens)
• Oxidized = lost electrons
• (Also lost hydrogens)
Which is the form in each that is
filled carrying e-?
• NAD+ or NADH?
• FADH2 or FAD?
• ANSWER: NADH and FADH2
As e- go down the ETC, do they do
it…?
• Gradually (step by step)
• OR
• Quickly (all at once)?
• ANSWER: gradually
Pyruvic acid gets “groomed and
conditioned” by what and to go
where?
• ANSWER:
• BY Coenzyme A to go into
the Krebs cycle
What is chemiosmosis?
• The diffusion of _____________ from
______ concentration to
___________ concentration across a
________________.
• ANSWER: H+ ions, High to Low,
membrane
Where do the H+ ions collect after
the NADH and FADH2 dropped
them off and they got pulled to
here?
• ANSWER:
• Intermembrane Space