Transcript Document
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
17
HUMAN
ANATOMY
Blood
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Circulation
Powered by the pumping action of the heart
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and the vessels
The vascular system includes vessels only
The circulatory system includes the cardiovascular system and
the blood that it contains
The lymphatic system is a parallel vessels system which
mirrors the veins and returns excess extracellular fluid to the
circulatory system (lymph plasma ECF)
Functions of blood
Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones
Helps body regulate temperature
Blood volume
Males: 5 – 6 liters
Females: 4 – 5 liters
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Composition of Blood
Contains cellular and liquid components
A specialized connective tissue
Blood cells – formed elements
Plasma – fluid portion and fibrinogen
Serum – plasma minus fibrinogen
Hematocrit – measure of % RBC in whole
blood
Males: 47% ± 5%
Females: 42% ± 5%
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Overview: Composition of Blood
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Figure 17.1
Blood Plasma
Straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood
Approximately 90% water
Contains
Ions – Na+ and Cl Nutrients – Sugars, amino acids, lipids,
wastes, and proteins
Three main proteins
Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
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Formed Elements
Blood cells
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
(cell fragments)
Staining of blood cells
Acidic dye – eosin – stains pink
Basic dye – methylene blue – stains
blue and purple
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 17.2b
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Oxygen-transporting cells – 7.5 µm in
diameter (diameter of capillary 8 –
10mm)
Most numerous of the formed elements
Females: 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/cubic
millimeter
Males: 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/cubic
millimeter
Have no organelles or nuclei
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Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Hemoglobin – oxygen-carrying protein the
function of hemoglobin is to attract oxygen
and carbon dioxide molecules to increase the
carrying capacity of blood (plasma also carries
these gases but not in adequate quantities)
Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area
Why is this important?
Live 100 – 120 days
RBCs are born in the red bone marrow of long
bones
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An Erythrocyte
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Figure 17.3
Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
White Blood Cells – neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes
Each has a very specific function in the
immune system
4,800 – 11,000/cubic millimeter
Protect the body from infectious
microorganisms
Function outside the bloodstream in loose
connective tissue
Diapedesis – circulating leukocytes leave the
capillaries
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Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
There are two types of leukocytes
according to which type of stain that
they absorb:
Granulocytes – neutrophils, eosinophils and
basophils
Agranulocytes – Lymphocytes and monocytes
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
(neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils)
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Relative Percentages of the Different Types of Leukocytes
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Figure 17.5
Granulocytes - Neutrophils
Neutrophils – most numerous WBC
Phagocytize and destroy bacteria
Nucleus – has two to six lobes
Granules pick up acidic and basic stains
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Figure 17.4a
Eosinophils
Eosinophils – compose 1 – 4% of all WBCs
Play roles in
Ending allergic reactions, parasitic infections
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Figure 17.4b
Granulocytes - Basophils
Basophils – about 0.5% of all leukocytes
Nucleus – usually two lobes
Granules secrete histamines
Function in inflammation mediation
Similar in function to mast cells
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Figure 17.4c
Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes – compose 20 – 45% of WBCs
The most important cells of the immune system
Nucleus – stains dark purple
Effective in fighting infectious organisms
Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
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Figure 17.4d
Agranulocytes - Lymphocyte
Two main classes of lymphocyte
T cells – attack foreign cells directly
B cells – multiply to become plasma cells which
then
Secrete antibodies!
They also save a copy as a memory cell so that
when you are re-exposed to the same pathogen,
the antibodies can immediately be called upon to
kill off the pathogen
An “antigen” is a foreign protein (cellular or not)
unfamiliar to your body which is identified to be
destroyed. Usually by antibodies.
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Agranulocytes - Monocytes
Monocytes – compose 4–8% of WBCs
The largest leukocytes
Nucleus – kidney shaped
Transform into macrophages
Phagocytic cells
The difference between Lymphocytes and Monocytes are vast. Monocytes are
simply cells which identify a foreign protein and engulf it. Lymphocytes begin a full
blown attack by making antibodies which are an “army” of attacking cells
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Figure 17.4e
Platelets
Cell fragments
Break off from megakaryocytes
Function in clotting of blood
They are like soft plates of sticky
substance used to plug up a hole
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Summary of Formed Elements
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Table 17.1
Blood Cell Formation
Hematopoiesis – process by which
blood cells are formed
100 billion new blood cells formed each
day
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Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
Bone marrow – located within all bones
Red marrow – actively generates new
blood cells
Contains immature erythrocytes
Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial
skeleton
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Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
Yellow marrow – dormant
Contains many fat cells
Located in the long bones of adults
Tissue framework for red marrow
Reticular connective tissue
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Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
All blood cells originate in bone marrow
All originate from one cell type
Blood stem cell (pluripotential
hematopoeitic stem cell)
Lymphoid stem cells
Give rise to lymphocytes
Myeloid stem cells
Give rise to all other blood cells
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
Genesis of erythrocytes
Committed cells are proerythroblasts
Remain in the reticulocyte stage for 1–2
days in circulation
Make up about 1–2% of all erythrocytes
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
Formation of leukocytes
Granulocytes form from myeloblasts
Monoblasts enlarge and form monocytes
Platelet-forming cells from megakaryoblasts
Break apart into platelets
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Stages of Differentiation of Blood Cells
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Figure 17.8
Disorders of the Blood
Disorders of erythrocytes
Polycythemia
Abnormal excess of erythrocytes
Anemia
Erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin
concentrations are low
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Disorders of the Blood
Disorders of erythrocytes (continued)
Sickle cell disease
Inherited condition
Results from a defective hemoglobin
molecule
Erythrocytes distort into a sickle shape
Hemachromatosis
Inherited
Abnormal excess of iron
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Disorders of the Blood
Disorders of leukocytes
Leukemia – a form of cancer
Classified as lymphoblastic or
myeloblastic
Disorders of platelets
Thrombocytopenia
Abnormally low concentration of platelets
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The Blood Throughout Life
First blood cells develop with the earliest blood vessels
Mesenchyme cells cluster into blood islands
Late in the second month
Liver and spleen take over blood formation
Bone marrow becomes major hematopoietic organ at
month 7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings