Transcript Document

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
17
HUMAN
ANATOMY
Blood
fifth edition
MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Circulation
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Powered by the pumping action of the heart
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and the vessels
The vascular system includes vessels only
The circulatory system includes the cardiovascular system and
the blood that it contains
The lymphatic system is a parallel vessels system which
mirrors the veins and returns excess extracellular fluid to the
circulatory system (lymph  plasma ECF)
Functions of blood
 Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones
 Helps body regulate temperature
Blood volume
 Males: 5 – 6 liters
 Females: 4 – 5 liters
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Composition of Blood
 Contains cellular and liquid components
 A specialized connective tissue
 Blood cells – formed elements
 Plasma – fluid portion and fibrinogen
 Serum – plasma minus fibrinogen
 Hematocrit – measure of % RBC in whole
blood
 Males: 47% ± 5%
 Females: 42% ± 5%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Composition of Blood
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Figure 17.1
Blood Plasma
 Straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood
 Approximately 90% water
 Contains
 Ions – Na+ and Cl Nutrients – Sugars, amino acids, lipids,
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wastes, and proteins
Three main proteins
 Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
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Formed Elements
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Blood cells
 Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
(cell fragments)
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Staining of blood cells
 Acidic dye – eosin – stains pink
 Basic dye – methylene blue – stains
blue and purple
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 17.2b
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
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Oxygen-transporting cells – 7.5 µm in
diameter (diameter of capillary 8 –
10mm)
Most numerous of the formed elements
 Females: 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/cubic
millimeter
 Males: 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/cubic
millimeter
Have no organelles or nuclei
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
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Hemoglobin – oxygen-carrying protein  the
function of hemoglobin is to attract oxygen
and carbon dioxide molecules to increase the
carrying capacity of blood (plasma also carries
these gases but not in adequate quantities)
Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area
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Why is this important?
Live 100 – 120 days
RBCs are born in the red bone marrow of long
bones
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An Erythrocyte
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Figure 17.3
Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
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White Blood Cells – neutrophils, eosinophils,
basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes
Each has a very specific function in the
immune system
4,800 – 11,000/cubic millimeter
Protect the body from infectious
microorganisms
Function outside the bloodstream in loose
connective tissue
Diapedesis – circulating leukocytes leave the
capillaries
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Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs)
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There are two types of leukocytes
according to which type of stain that
they absorb:
 Granulocytes – neutrophils, eosinophils and
basophils
 Agranulocytes – Lymphocytes and monocytes
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Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
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(neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils)
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Relative Percentages of the Different Types of Leukocytes
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Figure 17.5
Granulocytes - Neutrophils
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Neutrophils – most numerous WBC
 Phagocytize and destroy bacteria
 Nucleus – has two to six lobes
 Granules pick up acidic and basic stains
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Figure 17.4a
Eosinophils
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Eosinophils – compose 1 – 4% of all WBCs
 Play roles in
 Ending allergic reactions, parasitic infections
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Figure 17.4b
Granulocytes - Basophils
 Basophils – about 0.5% of all leukocytes
 Nucleus – usually two lobes
 Granules secrete histamines
 Function in inflammation mediation
 Similar in function to mast cells
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Figure 17.4c
Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes
 Lymphocytes – compose 20 – 45% of WBCs
 The most important cells of the immune system
 Nucleus – stains dark purple
 Effective in fighting infectious organisms
 Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
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Figure 17.4d
Agranulocytes - Lymphocyte
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Two main classes of lymphocyte
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T cells – attack foreign cells directly
B cells – multiply to become plasma cells which
then
 Secrete antibodies!
 They also save a copy as a memory cell so that
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when you are re-exposed to the same pathogen,
the antibodies can immediately be called upon to
kill off the pathogen
An “antigen” is a foreign protein (cellular or not)
unfamiliar to your body which is identified to be
destroyed. Usually by antibodies.
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Agranulocytes - Monocytes
 Monocytes – compose 4–8% of WBCs
 The largest leukocytes
 Nucleus – kidney shaped
 Transform into macrophages
 Phagocytic cells
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The difference between Lymphocytes and Monocytes are vast. Monocytes are
simply cells which identify a foreign protein and engulf it. Lymphocytes begin a full
blown attack by making antibodies which are an “army” of attacking cells
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Figure 17.4e
Platelets
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Cell fragments
 Break off from megakaryocytes
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Function in clotting of blood
They are like soft plates of sticky
substance used to plug up a hole
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Summary of Formed Elements
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Table 17.1
Blood Cell Formation
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Hematopoiesis – process by which
blood cells are formed
100 billion new blood cells formed each
day
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Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
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Bone marrow – located within all bones
 Red marrow – actively generates new
blood cells
 Contains immature erythrocytes
 Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial
skeleton
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Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis
 Yellow marrow – dormant
 Contains many fat cells
 Located in the long bones of adults
 Tissue framework for red marrow
 Reticular connective tissue
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Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
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All blood cells originate in bone marrow
All originate from one cell type
 Blood stem cell (pluripotential
hematopoeitic stem cell)
 Lymphoid stem cells
 Give rise to lymphocytes
 Myeloid stem cells
 Give rise to all other blood cells
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Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
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Genesis of erythrocytes
 Committed cells are proerythroblasts
 Remain in the reticulocyte stage for 1–2
days in circulation
 Make up about 1–2% of all erythrocytes
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Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation
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Formation of leukocytes
 Granulocytes form from myeloblasts
 Monoblasts enlarge and form monocytes
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Platelet-forming cells from megakaryoblasts
 Break apart into platelets
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Stages of Differentiation of Blood Cells
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Figure 17.8
Disorders of the Blood
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Disorders of erythrocytes
 Polycythemia
 Abnormal excess of erythrocytes
 Anemia
 Erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin
concentrations are low
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Disorders of the Blood
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Disorders of erythrocytes (continued)
 Sickle cell disease
 Inherited condition
 Results from a defective hemoglobin
molecule
 Erythrocytes distort into a sickle shape
 Hemachromatosis
 Inherited
 Abnormal excess of iron
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Disorders of the Blood
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Disorders of leukocytes
 Leukemia – a form of cancer
 Classified as lymphoblastic or
myeloblastic
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Disorders of platelets
 Thrombocytopenia
 Abnormally low concentration of platelets
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Blood Throughout Life
 First blood cells develop with the earliest blood vessels
 Mesenchyme cells cluster into blood islands
 Late in the second month
 Liver and spleen take over blood formation
 Bone marrow becomes major hematopoietic organ at
month 7
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings