Transcript CHAPTER 38

Circulatory and
Respiratory Systems
Circulatory System (section 1)
 Connects
the
muscles and
organs of the body
through an
extensive system of
vessels that
transport blood, a
mixture of
specialized cells,
and fluid.
Circulatory System (section 1)
Different molecules the move through
the cardiovascular system are:
- Nutrients from digested food
- Oxygen from the lungs
- Metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide)
- Hormones
- Lastly, it distributes heat more or
less evenly to maintain constant
body temperature
Circulatory System (section 1)
Arteries = blood vessels that carry blood
AWAY from the heart (red on diagrams)
 Capillaries = tiny blood vessels that
allow the exchange of gases, nutrients,
hormones, and other molecules in
the blood
 Veins = blood vessels that carry blood
BACK to the heart (blue on diagrams)

Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of
Circulation

The three
main types
of blood
vessels are
arteries,
capillaries,
and veins.
Right pulmonary
artery (lung)
Right pulmonary
veins (lungs)
Vena cava
Systemic veins
Aorta
Left pulmonary
artery (lung)
Capillaries
in lungs
Left pulmonary
veins (lungs)
Heart
Systemic
arteries
Circulatory System (section 1)
A
valve is a
one-way flap of
tissue that
ensures that the
blood or fluid
that passes
through does
not flow back.
Lymphatic System
Collects and recycles fluids that leaked
form the cardiovascular system and is
involved in fighting infections.
 Lymph tissue is located in the: spleen,
thymus, tonsils, bone marrow

***Also defends the body against bacteria,
virus, other infecting microbes, and
cancerous cells (works with the immune
system)
Plasma
 About
60% of
the total volume
of blood is
plasma (90%
water/ 10%
solutes)
Three types of cells in blood

Red blood cells (RBC = erythrocytes)cells that carry oxygen. Lack nuclei and
cannot make proteins or repair
themselves
– Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein
that binds oxygen in the lungs and
transports it to the tissues of the body
– Anemia = a condition in which the oxygencarrying ability of the blood is reduced
Red blood cells:
Oxygen carriers


The round, diskshaped cells in
blood are red
blood cells.
Red blood cells carry
oxygen to body cells.
Side view
2.0 micrometers
Top view
7.5 micrometers
Three types of cells in blood

White blood cells
(leukocytes) - 1 or 2
cells for every 1,000
RBC and has a primary
job to defend the body
against disease (works
with the immune
system)
Three types of cells in blood
 Platelets
– cell
fragments
(important for
clotting of
blood)
–Hemophilia is
a blood clotting
disease
Blood surface antigens determine blood
group

Blood plasma contains proteins, called antibodies
(AN tih bahd eez), that are shaped to correspond
with the different blood surface antigens.
Blood Type
A
Can Receive
Blood From:
O, A
Can Donate
Blood To:
A, AB
B
O, B
B, AB
AB
O, A, B, AB
AB
O
O
O, A, B, AB
AB = Universal Recipient
O = Universal Donor
Rh factor = people who have this
protien are said to be Rh + and those
who lack it are Rh –
Rh factor


Rh factor can
cause
complications in
some
pregnancies.
Mother is exposed
to Rh antigens at
the birth of her Rh+
baby.
First pregnancy
Placenta
Rh+ antigens
Rh factor


Mother makes antiRh+ antibodies.
During the mother’s
next pregnancy, Rh
antibodies can cross
the placenta and
endanger the fetus.
Possible
subsequent
pregnancies
Anti-Rh+
antibodies
Question 2
Why is a person with type O blood
considered to be a universal blood
donor? (TX Obj 2; 10A)
Type O blood does not contain any antigens,
therefore it does not spark an immune response
from the body of a person receiving the blood.
Question 3
What component of blood is responsible for
helping your blood clot? (TX Obj 2; 10A)
A. red blood cells
B. white blood cells
C. plasma
D. platelets
The answer is D.
The Heart (section 2)

The right side of the heart is responsible
for driving the pulmonary circulation
loop, which pumps oxygen-poor blood
through the pulmonary arteries to the
lungs

The left side of the heart is responsible
for driving the systemic circulation loop,
which pumps oxygen-rich blood through
a network of arteries to the tissues of the
body.
The Heart (section 2)
Atria = are
chambers that
receive blood
returning to the
heart
 Ventricles = thick
walled chambers
that pump blood
away from the
heart

Summary of Blood Flow
1. Superior Vena Cava (upper body) and
Inferior Vena Cava (lower body) – sends
oxygen poor blood to the right atrium
2. Right Atrium – sends blood to the right
ventricle
3. Right Ventricle – sends blood to the
pulmonary artery
4. Pulmonary Arteries - sends blood to the
lungs to become oxygenated
Summary of Blood Flow
5. Pulmonary Veins – returns blood to
the left atrium from the lungs
6. Left Atrium – sends blood to the left
ventricle
7. Left Ventricle – sends blood to the
aorta
8. Aorta – sends blood to the coronary
arteries, the brain, and the rest of the
body (sends fresh oxygen to body)
The passage of blood
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
LA
Pulmonary
vein
RA
LV
RV
Capillaries
Right lung
Inferior
vena cava
Left lung

Sinoatrial Node (SA/ Pacemaker) =
contraction of the heart is initiated by a
small cluster of cardiac muscle cells

Blood Pressure – is the force exerted
by blood as it moves through blood
vessels
– 120 (systolic) / 80 (diastolic) =
good reading
in adults
Disorders of the Heart

Heart attack occurs
when an area of
the heart muscle
stops working and
dies
***NOTE:
 Stroke is when an
area of the brain
dies
Question 4
Why are the walls in ventricles thicker and
more muscular than the walls in the atria?
(TX Obj 2; 10A)
Section 2 Check
Answer
Superior
vena cava
Right lung
Arch of aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Rib (cut)
Right ventricle
Right coronary
artery
Left lung
Cut edge of
pericardium
Diaphragm
Left
coronary
artery
The Respiratory System (section 3)
The Respiratory System (section 3)
1. Oxygen from the outside
air reaches the lungs
2. The oxygen diffuses from
the alveoli to the
pulmonary capillaries. At
the high oxygen levels
that occur in the blood
within the lungs, most
hemoglobin molecules
carry a full load of oxygen.
The Respiratory System (section 3)
3. The oxygen-rich blood
then travels to the heart. The
heart pumps the blood to the
tissues of the body.
4. Oxygen diffuses into the
cells for use during aerobic
respiration. In the tissues,
oxygen levels are lower. This
causes the hemoglobin to
release its oxygen
Hemoglobin
The Respiratory System (section 3)
5. In tissues, the presence of carbon
dioxide produced by cellular
respiration makes the blood more acidic
and causes the hemoglobin molecules to
assume a different shape, one that gives
up oxygen more easily. The carbon
dioxide diffuses from the cells to the
blood.
The Respiratory System (section 3)
6. Most of the carbon dioxide travels to
the heart as bicarbonate ions.
7. The heart pumps the blood to the
lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is
released to its gaseous form to the
alveoli.
8. The carbon dioxide is expelled.
The path
air takes
Pharynx
Nasal cavity
Medulla
oblongata
Epiglottis
Larynx
Esophagus
Trachea
Bronchus
Right lung
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Left lung
Respiration and Lung Function
Click image to view movie.
Diseases of the Respiratory System
Asthma – a chronic
condition in which
the bronchioles
of the lungs
become inflamed
because of their
sensitivity to
certain stimuli in
the air.
Diseases of the Respiratory System
Emphysema – a
Normal
chronic
pulmonary disease
resulting from
chemical imbalances
Emphysema
that destroys
elastic fibers in
the lungs.
Diseases of the Respiratory System
Lung Cancer –
one of the
leading causes of
death
in the world today
Two Kinds of Circulatory Systems
Open Circulatory System – a heart
pumps fluid containing oxygen and
nutrients through a series of vessels out
into the body cavity. Here the fluid
washes across the body’s tissues,
supplying them with oxygen and nutrients.
EXAMPLE: Earthworms
Two Kinds of Circulatory Systems
Closed Circulatory System – a heart
pumps blood through a system of blood
vessels. Here the blood vessels form a
network that permits blood flow from the
heart to all of the body’s cells and back
again.
EXAMPLE: Humans
Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of
Circulation

The three
main types
of blood
vessels are
arteries,
capillaries,
and veins.
Right pulmonary
artery (lung)
Right pulmonary
veins (lungs)
Vena cava
Systemic veins
Aorta
Left pulmonary
artery (lung)
Capillaries
in lungs
Left pulmonary
veins (lungs)
Heart
Systemic
arteries
Question 5
Where does gas exchange occur during
respiration? (TX Obj 2; 10A)
A. in the blood
B. in capillaries
C. in alveoli
D. in the diaphragm
Alveoli
The answer is C.
Alveoli are the sacs of
the lungs where
oxygen and carbon
dioxide are
exchanged.
O2 – rich blood
Capillary network
Alveolus
CO2 –
rich blood
Question 6
How does the diaphragm enable
your lungs to fill with air when you
inhale? (TX Obj 2; 10A)
When you inhale,
the diaphragm
flattens, enlarging
the chest cavity
and drawing air
into the lungs.
Position of ribs
when inhaling
Lung when
inhaling
Position of diaphragm
when inhaling