Transcript Chapter 1 Cells and kingdoms

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Organism: A living thing
Cell: The smallest unit of living things that
carry out the basic processes of life
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Round shape, smaller
No cell wall, only a cell membrane
Some have many small vacuoles, and others may not have any
vacuoles
Gets energy from other animal/plant cells
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Box-like shape, larger
Have an additional outer covering around the outside (cell wall)
Usually have one large, central vacuole
Makes own food in chloroplasts (green structure, contains
chlorophyll)
Gets energy from the sunlight
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Tissue: similar cells working together at the same job, or function
Organ: a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific
function (example: heart, liver, brain, skin)
Organ System: organs that work together to perform a certain
function (example: circulatory, digestive, respiratory)
Organ
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
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Scientists organize organisms by sorting, or
classifying, them into groups according to
shared characteristics
Kingdoms are grouped by internal form and
structure
The narrowest (smallest) group an organism
can be classified into is a species
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Vessels that run up and down the body
Vascular tissue carries water and nutrients
from the plants roots up to its leaves; it also
moves sugars made in the leaves to other parts
of the plant
Typically a taller plant
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Smaller plant
Remain small and close to the ground, where
they soak up water directly
Have you seen moss or trees that look like this?
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Stems come in 2 basic forms
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Soft stems
Woody stems
Soft stems: not as strong as woody stems; soft, green,
can bend (less likely to be damaged in a storm)
Woody stems: stronger than soft stems; hard, brown
(more likely to be damaged in a storm because they
can’t bend and they grow tall, which makes it easier to
be struck by lightning).
Soft stem
Woody stem
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Phloem: moves sugars that are made in the plant’s leaves to other
parts of the plant; transports sugars up from one part of a plant to
another
Xylem and phloem cells are produced in the cambium, then move
inward.
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The leaves of a plant have the important
function of carrying out photosynthesis, or the
process of making food.
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The top surface of a leaf has a waxy cuticle, a waterproof layer that
prevents moisture from evaporating
Which could survive longer without water: a thick cuticle or a thin
cuticle? How could you test this?
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Asymmetrical: cannot be divided into mirror
images.
Radial Symmetry: All body parts are arranged
around a central point; this type of organism
has more than one line that divides the
organism into 2 mirror images.
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Monotreme: a mammal that lays eggs (examples: duck-billed
platypus, spiny anteater)
Marsupial: a pouched mammal; give birth to partially developed
offspring (examples: kangaroos, koala bears)
Placental mammal: the young develop within its mother
(examples: humans, dogs, tigers, elephants, whales)
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Skeletal System: bones, tendons, ligaments
Muscular system: provides the power to produce
movement
Digestive system: long tube in which food is broken
down into nutrients an organism can use
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Digestive System
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Esophagus: a muscular tube that contracts and
expands to squeeze chewed food down the stomach
Bronchi:small branch-like tubes inside the lungs, which
empty into the alveoli.
Alveoli: very thin-walled air sacs located at the tips of
the bronchi