Transcript T cells
Think about the last time you cut yourself. Once the bleeding stopped, what did you notice about the area where the tissue had been damaged? Second – line defense: Inflammatory Response •Increase of blood supply to affected area •Redness, swelling, heat •Chemicals released from injured tissue leads to an increase in macrophages •Ingest bacteria and any damaged tissue http://www.bluebananadesigns.com/ images/illustration/medium/macroph ageAttacksMed.jpg Third Line of Defense – Immune System •Specific Response •Antigen (antibody generator)– any substance that causes an immune response •Lymphocytes – cells of the immune system •recognize specific antigens •either attack directly or create antibodies (proteins that fight antigens) B lymphocytes (B cells) or T lymphocytes (T cells) T Cells •Produced in bone marrow http://www.med.uio.no/imb/anatomi/immunobiolab/researchgroups/rolstad/publications/2009/BoneMarrow.gif •Develop in thymus (gland) Helper T Cells •Primary Task – activate B cells and killer T cells •Helper T cells activated by macrophage •Macrophage ingests invader and displays invader’s antigen on its surface Helper T-Cell •A helper T-cell is activated when its receptor recognizes the antigen •T cells divide and produce proteins to activate B cells and other T cells Killer (Cytotoxic) T Cells •Attack and kill cells infected with pathogen •Receptors search each cell for antigens •If a cell is infected, it is killed B Cells •Searches for antigen matching its receptor •If a match is found, helper T cells help B cells to divide into two versions B Plasma Cell B Memory Cell B Plasma Cell •Produce antibodies B Memory Cell •Prolonged lifespan and can “remember” specific intruders •B memory cells (and T memory cells) activate the immune system the next time the intruder returns Immunity has been achieved! Organs of the Immune System Bone Marrow http://www.med.uio.no/imb/anatomi/immunobiolab/researchgroups/rolstad/publications/2009/BoneMarrow.gif Produces B cells and immature T cells Thymus •From Greek “thymos” : warty growth •Produce mature T cells Spleen (the immunological conference center) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/presentati ons/100040_1.htm •Captures antigens from blood that pass through by way of migratory macrophages •B cells are activated and antibodies produced •Immune response is initiated •Old red blood cells are destroyed Lymph Nodes •Located throughout the body •Drain and filter fluid from our body tissues •Antigens filtered out before liquid is returned to circulation Diseases of Immune System Allergies •What Happens in Body Excessive activation of certain white blood cells resulting in an extreme inflammatory response •Symptoms Include itchiness, runny nose, rash, anaphylactic reactions and potentially death •Relation to Immune System Involves white blood cells Allergies •Develop disease Develops post-fetally. Can be caused by heredity or environment. •Treatment Avoiding or reducing allergen. Drugs including antihistamines, cortisone, epinephrine (epi-pen) Allergies Asthma •What Happens in Body Airways can constrict, become inflamed, and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus. Asthma •Symptoms Chronic respiratory impairment or brief episodes that may result from a number of triggering events. Shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing. •Relation to Immune System Antigens trigger respiratory system responses Asthma Common asthma triggers include: •Animals (pet hair or dander) •Dust •Changes in weather (most often cold weather) •Chemicals in the air or in food •Exercise •Mold •Pollen •Respiratory infections, such as the common cold •Strong emotions (stress) •Tobacco smoke Asthma •Developing Disease Genetic and environmental factors (poor air quality, exposure to cigarette smoke, etc) •Treatment 1. Long-term medications to prevent attacks 2. Quick relief medications during attacks Asthma Short-acting bronchodilator (inhaler) Pressurized canister of aerosol medication that relaxes muscles in airways Lupus •What Happens in Body Immune system cannot tell the difference between foreign substances and its own cells and tissues. Makes antibodies directed against itself. These "auto-antibodies” cause inflammation, pain and damage in various parts of the body. •Symptoms Pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function either on the inside or on the outside of the body (or both), achy joints, prolonged/extreme fatigue, skin rashes Lupus •Relation to Immune System Body produces antibodies against itself •How does one develop disease Genetic and environment (antibiotics, ultraviolet light, extreme stress, certain drugs, and hormones) Lupus •Treatment Medications to reduce inflammation which causes pain, fever and swelling, and other medications to suppress the overactive immune system. HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS •What Happens in the Body T cells in the body are destroyed – used to replicate virus HIV is considered to be AIDS when the immune system is too weak to fight off infections •Symptoms •Flu-like illness 2-6 weeks after infection. •Next stage - swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea , weight loss, fever, cough and shortness of breath. •AIDS - Soaking night sweats, Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F for several weeks, dry cough and shortness of breath , chronic diarrhea, persistent white spots or unusual lesions on tongue or in mouth, headaches, blurred and distorted vision, weight loss HIV/AIDS •Relation to Immune System T cells are reduced •Developing Disease Transmitted from person to person through the exchange of bodily fluids HIV/AIDS •Treatment No cure – antiviral drugs suppress viral replication Drugs include Saquinavir, Ritonavir, Indinavir and Nelfinavir