Transcript The Structure and Function of Blood

The Structure and Function
of Blood
Composition of Blood
• Blood is responsible for…..
– Transporting gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide)
– Transporting waste products
– Transporting nutrients
– Helping remove toxins from the body
Composition of Blood
• Blood makes up 6–8% of our
total body weight.
• Normal adult blood volume is 5 L.
• Blood is made up of cellular
material in a fluid called plasma.
Composition of Blood
• Blood is a circulating tissue consisting of three
types of cells.
1. Red Blood Cells  Erythrocytes
2. White Blood Cells  Leukocytes
3. Platelets  Thrombocytes
• The cells listed above are suspended in a liquid
known as plasma.
Composition of Blood:
Red Blood Cells
• Red Blood Cells
— AKA: Erythrocytes or RBCs
— Most abundant cell in the blood
(4 million – 6 million per microliter of blood)
— Formed in the bone marrow
—Main function is transporting
oxygen and carbon dioxide
http://www.g
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Composition of Blood:
White Blood Cells
• White blood cells
— AKA: Leukocytes or WBCs
— Largest sized blood cells
— Lowest numbers in the blood
(4,500 – 11,000 per microliter)
— Formed in the bone marrow
and some in lymph glands
— Primary cells of the immune system
— Fights disease and foreign invaders
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Composition of Blood:
Platelets
• Platelets
— Involved in the clotting process
— Seal wounds and prevent blood loss
— Help repair damaged vessels
— 150,000 – 400,000 per microliter of blood
—Platelets stain bluish with reddish or purple granules
Formation of Blood
• Hematopoiesis  the formation and development of blood cells
Blood Evidence
• Blood spatter – Can be analyzed to determine
patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime
might have happened.
• Blood droplets – Can be analyzed to give clues to the
location of a crime, movement of a victim, and type of
weapon.
• Blood samples – Can be analyzed to determine blood
type and DNA, which can be matched to possible
suspects.
Microscopic
Views
Fish Blood
Bird Blood
Horse Blood
Frog Blood
Cat Blood
Dog Blood
Human Blood
Snake Blood
Blood Typing Definitions
• Antibody- a protein that identifies foreign
matter by shape and begins immune response
• Antigen- a foreign small molecule that the
body can attack with an antibody
• Agglutination- clumping that occurs in blood
when antibodies connect to antigens on
different red blood cells forming a meshwork.
ABO blood types
Possible blood types: A, B, AB, and O
+ or – for each
8 total possibilities
One gene with three possible alleles controls ABO
A
B
or
O
A separate gene determines +/-
ABO blood types
Blood type describes
the proteins called antigens on the surface of the red blood cells.
The letter(s) in the blood type indicate(s) the antigens on
the red blood cell
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
Antibodies and ABO blood types
The body makes antibodies to all the antigens not on its own RBC.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm
Genetics of Blood Types
• Your blood type is established before you are BORN,
by specific GENES inherited from your parents.
• You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one
from your FATHER.
• These genes determine your blood type by causing
proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the
surface of all of your red blood cells.
Blood Transfusions
Red Blood Cell Donation or Whole Blood Donation
We transfuse in the red blood cells and antigens of the donor.
Universal Donors: TYPE O blood has no antigens
is not recognized as foreign
Universal Recipients: TYPE AB blood has no antibodies
does not recognize other blood as foreign
Rh +  Can receive + or Rh -  Can only receive -
(plasma transfusion is different)
Rh Factors
If a person is Rh +/- or +/+ the RBC also have D antigen
A person with a positive blood type
can receive blood transfusion from positive or neg
A person with a negative blood type
can receive blood transfusion from neg only
Rh antigens can cross the placental barrier.
Pregnant women who are Rh Neg get a shot to prevent
mounting an immune response to a fetus with Rh Pos
http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html
A+ AB+ BAB+ ABO+ O-