Transcript ImII 1.Vest.ppt

IMUNOLOĢIJA II
Bioloģijas maģistru studiju programma
4 kredīti
Molekularās bioloģijas (bioķīmijas), Fizioloģijas katedra,
Latvijas Biomedicīnas pētījumu un studiju centrs
Lektori: V.Baumanis, J.Aivars, I.Mandrika , P.Pumpēns, Z.Kalniņa
2011/12. akadēmiskais gads
Imunoloģija II
Lekcijas saturs: Imunoloģija attīstība, virzieni, terminoloģija,
ievērojamie imunolgi,literatūra, biedrības
2011/12. akad. gads
Imunoloģijas virzieni:
1.Imunitāte
2.Seroloģija
3.Imunoķīmija
4.Imunobiolģija
Imunitāte
1721- M.Montagu
baku vakcinācija
1798 - E.Dženners
baku vakcinācija
1880 - L.Pastērs
novājinātās vakcīnas
1884 - I.Mečņikovs
fagocitoze
1885 - L.Pastērs
trakumsērgas vakcīna
1888 - G. Natels
plazmas baktericiditāte
1890 - E.Bērings
antitoksiskā terapija
1897 - P.Ērlichs
imunitātes teorija
1903 - A.Raits, S.Duglass
opsonīni
1923 - G.Ramons
toksoīdi
1957 – A.Aizeks, J.Lindenmans
interferoni
Aizsargāt no infekcijas slimībām cilvēce iemācījās ātrāk, nekā
saprast, kādi mehānismi aizsardzību nodrošina
Kādi mehānismi nodrošina
nesaslimšanu, Pastērs nezināja
Divsimt gados, kopš Džennera iesākuma, sasniegts
ir daudz - kā neaktuālas infekcijas, statistikā bakas
un trakumsērgu pat nepiemin, bet poliomielīts un
difterija ir tuvu nullei. Kaut kas gan ir nācis klāt...
http://www.epinorth.org
Nobela balvas
sāka piešķirt kopš
1901. gada.
Starp pirmajiem
laureātiem bija arī
V.Rentgens,
H.Dunāns (sarkanais krusts)
J.van’t Hoffs
A.Raits parādīja, ka fagocitozi veicina opsonīni
Seroloģija
1896 - M.Grūbers, H. Darhems
aglutinācijas tests
1896 - G.F. Vidāls
aglutinācijas tests uz tīfu
1896 - R.Krauss
precipitācijas reacija
1898 - Ž.Bordē
komplements
1901 - Ž. Bordē , O. Žangū
komplementa saistīšanās
reakcija
1906 - A.Vassermans
komplementa saistīšanās
reakcija sifilisa diagnostikai
fluorescentās antivielas
1942 - A. Koons
1946 - O.Ochterloni, Ž.Ouins, S.Eleks gēla difūzijas testi
1953 - P.Grabars, K.Vijams
imunolektroforēze
1959 - S.Bersons, R. Jalova
radoimunometodes
Pētot imunosēruma darbību atrada, ka aizsardzību pret
infekcijas slimībām nodrošina vairāki sērumā esoši komponenti
d.2011
Imunoķīmija
1906 - F.Obermeijers, E. Piks
proteīnu antigēni
1907 - S. Arēniuss
imunoķīmijas apskats
1917 - K.Landšteiners
haptēni, asins grupas
1929 - M. Heidelbergers
kvantitatīvā serolģija
1934 - J. Maraks
antigēna-antivielu reakcijas
1938 - E. Kabats, A. Tiseliuss
antiviela ir imūngloblīni
1958 - R.Porters, G.Edelmans
imūnglobulīnu struktūra
1980 - C.Milšteins, G.Kēlers
monoklonālas antivielas
Pēc 1980
rekombinantās antivielas
Imūnbiolģija
1890 - R.Kochs
vēlīnās hipersensitivitātes reakcijas
1901 - K.Landšteiners
asins grupas
1902 - K.Rišē, P.Porters
anafilakse
1905 - K.Pirkē
sēruma slimība
1908 - P.Ērlihs
antivielu sintēzes teorijas
1942 - K.Landšteiners, A. Viners,
vēlīnas hipersenitivitātes mehānismi
M.Čeizs
1950 - G.Makkaness
pierāda šūnu imunitāti
1944-1960 - M.Bernets, P.Medavars
imunotolerance, klonālā selekcija
1956 - E. Vitebskis
autoimūnās saslimšanas
1960 - B.Benacerafs, Ž. Dausē,
imunoģenētika un histosaderība
Dž. Snells
1984 - C.Milštins, G. Kēlers,
N.Jerne
hibridomu tehnoloģija un teorētiskā
imunoloģja
1985 - S. Tonegava
imunoģenētika
1990 - R.Cinkernāgels, P.Dogertī
šūnu pretvīrusu imunoloģija
Richet has lifted this problem of
hypersensitivity to toxins on to a new
plane. In 1902 he published, in
collaboration with Portier, the first work on
this subject. Later, in a series of studies
collected in the monograph L'Anaphylaxie
of 1912, Richet - unaided - confirmed and
expanded
this
discovery.
Zīmējumi no F.Berneta
Nobela lekcijas
The surface of all body cells is unique in every individual.
This unique character is detemined by genes that regulate
the formation of specific protein-carbohydrate complexes
(MHC) - the histocompatibility antigens, or H antigens - found
on the cell membrane. These complexes derive their name
from the fact they define the capacity of a body tissue to
exist in intimate contact with another body tissue. H antigens
determine the interaction among the multitude of different
cells responsible for the body's immunological reactions.
Knowledge of the genetic regulation of the body's immune
response makes it possible to explain why different
individuals have different capabilities of defending
themselves against infections and why a cancer cell is
eliminated in some cases and enabled to grow into a tumor
in others. The genes that are important in this connection
have been demonstrated primarily in studies on mice and
humans, but they are found in all vertebrates. Knowledge of
H antigens is of great practical importance, for example, in
tissue transplantation and for understanding the relationship
between the genetic constitution and disease. Thus, it has
been shown that certain H antigens predispose certain
individuals
to
certain
diseases.
George Snell discovered the genetic factors that determine
the possibilities of transplanting tissue from one individual
to another. It was Snell who introduced the concept of H
antigens.
Jean Dausset demonstrated the existence of H antigens in
man and elucidated the genetic factors regulating their
formation.
Baruj Benacerraf showed that genetic factors intimately
related to the genes that determine an individual's unique
constitution of H antigens actually regulate the interaction
among the various cells belonging to the immunological
system and are thereby important to the strength of an
immunological reaction.
N.Jernes tīklveida teorijas (Network Theory) princips
G.Kēlera un C. Milšteina shēma monoklonālo
antivielu iegūšanai
Zīmējums no
S.Tonegavas
Nobela lekcijas
This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is
given for discoveries that have enabled the
development of organ and cell transplantation into a
method for the treatment of human disease.
Joseph E. Murray discovered how rejection following
organ transplantation in man could be mastered, and
E. Donnall Thomas managed to diminish the severe
reaction that the graft can cause in the recipient, i.e.
the so-called "graft-versus-host" reaction (GVH). In
addition, Thomas could show that intraveneously
infused bone marrow cells were able to repopulate the
bone marrow and produce new blood cells.
Murray successfully transplanted a kidney between
homozygous twins for the first time. He pioneered
transplantation of kidneys obtained from deceased
persons and could show that patients with terminal
renal insufficiency could be cured. The field was then
open for transplantation of other organs such as liver,
pancreas
and
heart.
Thomas was successful in transplanting bone marrow
cells from one individual to another. Bone marrow
transplantation can cure severe inherited disorders
such as thalassemia and disorders of the immune
system as well as leukemia and aplastic anemia.
Murray's and Thomas' discoveries are crucial for those
tens of thousands of severely ill patients who either
can be cured or be given a decent life when other
treatment methods are without success.
Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel have been
awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine for the discovery of how the immune
system recognizes virus-infected cells. Their
discovery has, in its turn, laid a foundation for an
understanding of general mechanisms used by the
cellular immune system to recognize both foreign
microorganisms and self molecules. This discovery
is therefore highly relevant to clinical medicine. It
relates both to efforts to strengthen the immune
response against invading microorganisms and
certain forms of cancer, and to efforts to diminish the
effects of autoimmune reactions in inflammatory
diseases, such as rheumatic conditions, multiple
sclerosis and diabetes.
Jules A. Hoffmann
Michel Nussenzweig
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/
hoffmann-lecture.html
Nobela balvas ieguvēji imunoloģijā
Immunology
Behring (1901) serum therapy and its application against diphtheria
Ehrlich (1908) immunity Mechnikov (1908) phagocytosis
Richet (1913) anaphylaxis
Bordet (1919) antigens and antibodies in immune reactions
Landsteiner (1930) blood groups and blood typing
Burnet & Medawar (1960) acquired immunological tolerance
Edelman & Porter (1972) structure of antibodies
Benacerraf, Dausset & Snell (1980) regulation of immune reactions
Jerne, Köhler & Milstein (1984) control of the immune system and
monoclonal antibodies
Tonegawa (1987) genetics of antibody formation
Doherty & Zinkernagel (1996) cell mediated immunity
Beutler, Hoffmann, Steinmann (2011) innate immunity, dendritic cells
Līdzīgi, kā FEBS ir arī Eiropas imunologu federācija
Latvian Association of
Immunologists (LAI)
President: Simona Donina
MD, Dr. med.
Riga Eastern Clinical
University Hospital, LOC
4 Hipokrata Street
RIGA, LV-1079
Latvia
Tel +371 670 42179
Fax +371 675 39160
E-Mail donsimon@inbox
Secretary: Tatjana
Romanova
P. Stradins Clinical
University Hospital
13 Pilsonu Street
Riga, LV-1013
Latvia
.lv
No kurām grāmatām mācīties
Kindt T.J.,Goldsby R.A.,Osborne B.A. – Kuby
immunology, 6th ed.
W.Freeman and Co, NY, 2007, 574 pp.