Transcript 22-04_pptlect

Anatomy & Physiology
SIXTH EDITION
Chapter 22, part 4
The Lymphatic System
and Immunity
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by
Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii
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Frederic H. Martini
Fundamentals of
SECTION 22-6
B Cells and Antibody-mediated Immunity
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B cell sensitization of activation
• Sensitization – the binding of antigens to the B
cell membrane antibodies
• Antigens then displayed on B cell Class II MHC
• TH cells activated by same antigen stimulate B
cell
• Active B cell differentiates into Memory B Cell or
Plasma cell
• Plasma cells synthesize and release antibody
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Figure 22.20 The Sensitization and Activation of
B Cells
PLAY
Animation: B Cells and Antibody Production
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Figure 22.20
Antibodies structure
• Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins consisting of:
• Two parallel polypeptide chains
• Heavy chains and light chains
• Constant region and variable region
• Antigen binding site
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Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure
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Figure 22.21
Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure
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Figure 22.21a
Figure 22.21 Antibody Structure
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Figure 22.21b-d
Actions of antibodies include:
• Neutralization
• Agglutination and precipitation
• Activation of complement
• Attraction of phagocytes
• Opsinization
• Stimulation of inflammation
• Prevention of adhesion
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Classes of Antibodies (immunoglobins)
• IgG – resistance against many viruses, bacteria
and bacterial toxins
• IgE – accelerates local inflammation
• IgD – found on the surface of B cells
• IgM – first type secreted after antigen arrives
• IgA – primarily found in glandular sec
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Primary and secondary antibody response
• Primary response
• Takes about two weeks to develop
• Produced by plasma cells
• Secondary response
• Rapid increase in IgG
• Maximum antibody titer app
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Figure 22.22 The Primary and Secondary
Immune Responses
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Figure 22.22
Figure 22.23 An Integrated Summary of the
Immune Response
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Figure 22.23
Figure 22.25 The Course of the Body’s Response
to Bacterial Infection
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Figure 22.25a, b
Focus on Hormones of the Immune System
• Interleukins
• Increase T cell sensitivity
• Stimulate B cell activity, plasma formation,
and antibody production
• Enhance nonspecific defenses
• Moderate the immune system
• Interferons
• Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs) slow tumor
growth
• Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)
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SECTION 22-7
Normal and Abnormal Resistance
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Development of the Immune Response
• Immunological competence
• The ability to demonstrate an immune
response after exposure to an antigen
• Fetuses receive immunity from the maternal
bloodstream
• Infants acquire immunity following exposure
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Immune disorders
• Autoimmune disorders
• Immune response mistakenly targets normal
cells
• Immunodeficiency diseases
• Immune system does not develop properly or
is blocked
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Allergies
• Inappropriate or excessive immune response to
allergens
• Immediate hypersensitivity (type I)
• Cytotoxic reactions (type II)
• Immune complex disorders (type III)
• Delayed hypersensitivity (type IV)
• Anaphylaxis
• Circulating allergen affects mast cells
throughout body
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Figure 22.26 The Mechanism of Anaphylaxis
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Figure 22.26
Stress and the immune response
• Interleukin-1 released by active macrophages
• Triggers release of ACTH resulting in
glucocorticoid release
• Moderates the immune response
• Lowers resistance to disease
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Stress can cause the following:
• Depression of the inflammatory response
• Phagocytic reduction
• Inhibition of interleukin secretion
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SECTION 22-8
Aging and the Immune Response
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With age
• Immune system becomes less effective
• Increased susceptibility to infection
• Immune surveillance declines
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You should now be familiar with:
• The structure and function of lymphatic cells,
tissues and organs
• The body’s nonspecific defenses and the
components and mechanisms of each
• Specific resistance, cell-mediated immunity and
antibody mediated immunity
• The role of the T cell, B cell and antibodies in
specific immunity
• The origin, development, activation and
regulation of normal resistance to disease
• The effects of stress and aging on the immune
system
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