Lymphatic System
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Transcript Lymphatic System
Chapter 35
Lymph Transport
& Immunity
Outline
The Lymphatic System
Lymph Vessels
Lymphoid Organs
Nonspecific Defenses
Barriers
Inflammatory Response
Specific Defenses
Antibodies
T Cells
Induced Immunity
Active versus Passive Immunity
Immunity Side Effects
Allergies
Blood Typing
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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The Lymphatic System
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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Consists of lymphatic vessels and the lymphoid
organs
Three main homeostatic functions:
- Lymphatic capillaries take up and return excess
fluid to the bloodstream
- Lacteals receive lipoproteins and transport them to
the bloodstream
- Helps defend body against disease
Lymphatic System
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The Lymphatic Organs
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Lymphatic System
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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One-way system that begins with lymphatic
capillaries
Take up fluid that has been diffused from, and not
reabsorbed by, blood capillaries
- Edema - Localized swelling due to accumulation of
tissue fluid
Lymph flows one way
- From a capillary to ever-larger lymphatic vessels
- Finally to a lymphatic duct, which enters a
subclavian vein
Lymphoid Organs
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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Lymph Nodes - Capsule surrounding two distinct
regions, cortex and medulla
Lymphocytes congregate in cortex when fighting
off a pathogen
Macrophages concentrated in medulla - cleanse
lymph
Lymph nodes named for their location
Lymphoid Organs
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
Tonsils
Patches of lymphatic tissue located around the
pharynx
First to encounter pathogens that enter via the
nose and mouth
Spleen
Located in upper left region of abdominal cavity
just beneath diaphragm
Cleanses blood
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Lymphoid Organs
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
Thymus Gland
Located along trachea behind the sternum in
upper thoracic cavity
Produces thymic hormones
Red Bone Marrow
Origin for all types of blood cells
Area of maturation for most white blood cells
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Immune System
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
Nonspecific Defenses
Barriers to entry serve as mechanical barriers
- Skin
- Mucous membranes lining respiratory, digestive,
and urinary tracts
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Nonspecific Defenses
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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Inflammatory Reaction
Damaged cells and mast cells release histamine
and kinins
Capillaries dilate and become more permeable
Enlarged capillaries cause skin to redden
Swollen area and kinins stimulate free nerve
endings causing pain
Inflammatory Reaction
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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Neutrophils and monocytes migrate to the site of
injury
Neutrophils and mast cells phagocytize
pathogens
Monocytes differentiate into macrophages
Inflammatory Response
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Complement System
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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A collection of plasma proteins
Activated when pathogens enter the body
Complements certain immune responses
Interferon binds to receptors of non-infected cells
Causes them to prepare for possible attack
Produce substances that interfere with viral
replication
Action of the Complement System
Against a bacterium
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Specific Defenses
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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An antigen is any foreign substance that
stimulates the immune system to react
Lymphocytes capable of recognizing antigens
Have antigen receptors on plasma membrane
Protein’s shape allow it to combine with a specific
antigen
Specific Defenses
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
Immunity primarily the result of
B lymphocytes
- B cells give rise to plasma cells
- Produce antibodies
T lymphocytes
- T cells directly attack cells that bear non-self
proteins
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Lymph Transport &
Immunity
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Clonal selection theory:
The antigen selects which lymphocyte will
- Undergo clonal expansion, and
- Produce more lymphocytes
If the same antigen enters the system again
- Memory B cells quickly divide
- Give rise to more lymphocytes capable of quickly
producing antibodies
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Clonal Selection Model as it Applies to B Cells19
Immunoglobins
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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IgG - Main antibody type in circulation
IgM - Found in circulation Largest antibody
IgA - Found in secretions
IgD - Found on surface of immature B cells
IgE - Found as antigen receptors on basophils in
blood and on mast cells in tissue
Structure of an Antibody
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T Cells
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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Requirements for T cell antigen recognition:
Antigen must be presented by an antigenpresenting cell
Antigen is first linked to a major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) protein in the plasma membrane
Cytokines - signaling chemicals that stimulate
various immune cells
Clonal Selection Model
as it Applies to T cells
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Types of T Cells
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
Cytotoxic T Cells
Destroy antigen-bearing cells
Contain Perforins
Helper T Cells
Regulate immunity by secreting cytokines
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Cell-mediated Immunity
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Overview of
Nonspecific and Specific Defenses
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Induced Immunity
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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Active Immunity
Immunization
- Pathogens or pathogen products treated to remove
virulence
- Dependent upon memory B cells & memory T cells
capable of responding to lower doses of antigen
Active Immunity Due to Immunizations
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Passive Immunity
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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Passive immunity
Occurs when an individual is given prepared
antibodies (immunoglobins) to combat a disease
- Short-lived
- Newborns are often passively immune due to
mother’s blood
Passive Immunity
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Cytokines and Immunity
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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Cytokines
Signaling molecules produced by lymphocytes,
monocytes, or other cells
Both interferon and interleukins have been used
as immunotherapeutic drugs
Enhance the ability of the individual’s T cells (and
B cells) to fight cancer
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies
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Immunity Side Effects
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
Allergies
Hypersensitivities to substances that ordinarily
would not harm the body
- Immediate Response
IgE
antibodies
- Delayed Response
Memory
T cells
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Immunity Side Effects
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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Blood Type Reactions
ABO blood typing
- Two self antigens - A and B
- If same antigen and its antibody are present in the
blood, agglutination occurs
Rh blood typing
- People that are Rh+ have Rh factor
- People that are Rh- do not have Rh factor
- Rh- individuals may produce antibodies to Rh factor
if exposed
Blood Transfusions
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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
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Immunity Side Effects
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
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Tissue Rejection
Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells bring about
destruction of foreign tissues in the body
Immune system is correctly distinguishing
between self and nonself
Autoimmune Diseases
Cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack
the body’s own cells
Review
The Lymphatic System
Lymph Vessels
Lymphoid Organs
Nonspecific Defenses
Barriers
Inflammatory Response
Specific Defenses
Antibodies
T Cells
Induced Immunity
Active versus Passive Immunity
Immunity Side Effects
Allergies
Blood Typing
Lymph Transport &
Immunity
38
Ending Slide Chapter 35
Lymph Transport
& Immunity