Transcript Taxonomy
Kingdom Monera
1. Archaebacteria v.
Eubacteria
2. Characteristics
a. prokaryotic cells
b. unicellular
c. autotrophic or
heterotrophic
d. asexual
reproduction
Kingdom Protista
1. Characteristics
a. eukaryotic cells
b. mostly unicellular
c. heterotrophic or
autotrophic
d. asexual
reproduction
Kingdom Fungi
1. Characteristics
a. eukaryotic cells
b. unicellular or
multicellular
c. heterotrophic
*external
digestion
d. mostly asexual
reproduction
Kingdom Plantae
1. Characteristics
a. eukaryotic
b. multicellular
c. autotrophic
d. sexual and
asexual reproduction
Kingdom Animalia
1. Characteristics
a. eukaryotic
b. multicellular
c. heterotrophic
*internal
digestion
d. sexual
reproduction
Archaebacteria
live in extreme environments such as
swamps, hydrothermal vents deep in the
ocean, acidic thermal springs in the
ground, and extremely salty water.
Eubacteria
live in most habitats
some cause diseases such as strep
throat and pneumonia
Cyanobacteria – autotrophic
Escherichia coli - heterotrophic
Viruses v. Bacteria
Bacteria- living microorganisms
› A. Some are pathogenic (cause diseases)
Examples
Tetanus
Neissaria gonnorhea
Strep throat- Streptococcus pyrogenus
Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis
Pneumonia
› B. Some are very useful
Decomposing dead things
Breakdown garbage in landfills
E.coli
Viruses- not considered living organisms;
have to be inside a host cell to
reproduce
› A. contain DNA and RNA
› B. diseases caused by viruses
HIV, chicken pox, Herpes, Flu (influenza)
› C. Two ways of infecting cells
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle
Viral Treatments
For viral infections, you treat the symptoms
Use vaccines and antiviral drugs for severe
infections.
Avian Flu Virus
Symptoms
Symptoms in humans
› Fever, cough, sore throat
› Eye infections
› Pneumonia
› Severe respiratory diseases
Vaccines
Began testing vaccinations in April, 2005
Vaccinations must prove to be safe and
effective
Vaccinations are hard to create
› Virus mutates quickly
Protists
3 types of protists
› 1. Algae- plantlike protists
All are autotrophic
Photosynthetic algae produce a great deal of the
Earth’s atmospheric oxygen
Can be unicellular or multicellular
› 2. Protozoa- animal-like protists
Single celled
Ex) zooplankton
› 3. Fungus-like protists
Ex) slime molds, water molds
Fungi
Mostly multicellular, eukaryotic organisms
Cell walls are made of chitin- complex
carbohydrate
Structural units of fungus are hyphae
Play a major role in decomposing organic
material and recycling Earth’s nutrients
Can cause spoiled food, diseases, and
poisonous mushrooms
Human pathogens- toenail fungus, Athlete’s
foot, ringworm
Toenail
Fungus
Athlete’s Foot
Ringworm
Protists and Fungi objectives
1. What are some characteristics of kingdom Protista? 507
2. How do protozoa reproduce? What types of environments
do they inhabit? 507
3. Describe Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and giardiasis. For
each, list symptoms, what protozoa causes them, and
which animals carry them. 516
4. In what ways do algae differ from protozoa? 525
5. How are algae similar to plants? How are they different?
525
6. How are euglenoids similar to both plants and animals? 533
7. How do fungi obtain nutrients? 543
8. Why does a fungus that reproduces both sexually and
asexually have an advantage over an organism that just
reproduces asexually? 544-545
Objective 4.03
Sickle Cell Anemia
1. results in defective
form of hemoglobin
2. suffer damage to
the brain, heart
3. 1 out of every 500
African Americans
has sickle cell
anemia
Lung/Mouth Cancer and tobacco use
1. nicotine
2. tars
3. Hazards of Long-Term Tobacco Use
a. cardiovascular system – most affected
b. 25% of heart attacks are associated with use
of tobacco
c. Lung Cancer
* deadliest form of cancer
* chronic bronchitis
* emphysema
d. Mouth Cancer
* chewless tobacco
Skin Cancer
CFCs
Melanin
Diabetes mellitus – due to insulin
deficiency
Type I
1. severe childhood disorder
2. treated with daily insulin injections
Type II
1. often correlates with obesity
2. can generally be controlled through
exercise and diet
Malaria
Plasmodium and Anopheles
Symptoms
1. severe chills, fever, sweating, fatigue,
severe thirst
Treatment
1. sporozoans can evolve a resistance to
antimalarial drugs
Environmental Toxins
Mercury, Lead
Sources
* Drinking water, fish, vaccines, pesticides, preserved
wood, antiperspirants, building materials
Risks
Cancer, Alzheimer’s, neurological disorders,
arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm),
decreased red/white blood cell production.
Immune Response
Antigen – any substance that the immune
system recognizes as a potential pathogen
and that provokes an immune response
T – Cells ( “helper T cell)
1. cytotoxic
a. combat the pathogen by
destroying any of the body cells that have
been infected by the pathogen
2. suppressor
a. help shut down the immune response after
the pathogen has been cleared from the
body
B – Cells
1. differentiate into plasma cells
a. produce defensive proteins and
secrete them in the blood
*antibodies
Memory Cells
1. long term protection against
reinfection by a specific pathogen
Immunity
1. person becomes resistance to a
specific pathogen