Transcript Motivation and Emotion

Physiological Differences
– Polygraph – supports CannonBard Theory
• Used to detect lies
• measures physiological responses
such as perspiration, heart rate,
breathing
• Problems
– Anxiety, irritation, guilt have similar
physiological activity
• Guilty Knowledge Test – assesses
physiological responses to crime scene
details only known by investigators
Cognition and Emotion
• Sometimes emotions precede
cognition (Zajonc)
– Develop emotional preference for
stimuli to which have been unknowingly
exposed .
• Some emotions occur without
cognition, by-passing the cortex
(LeDoux).Go directly from thalamus
to amygdala = fast/ automatic
emotional response
– Ex. Jump at rustling bushes in the
forest (fear most likely precedes
conscious thinking)
• Emotions arise when appraise event
to be beneficial or harmful whether
we know it or not(Lazarus)
Detecting Emotion
• Nonverbal cues
– Facial muscles
– Eyes (fear/anger) and
mouth (happiness)
– Duchenne smile
– Difficult to detect lying
• Introverts better than
extroverts
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal
Behavior
•Women better than men
•Detecting emotions
•Empathy
•Emotional responsiveness
•Facial expressions of emotion
•Exception: anger
Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal
Behavior
Culture and Emotional Expression
•Similarities:
•display and interpret facial expressions –
universal (Eckman)
•Differences
•Individualistic countries – convey visible facial
expressions of inner feelings
•Gestures vary
Levels of Analysis for the Study of
Emotion
The Effects of Facial Expressions
• Facial feedback – effect of facial expressions
on emotion
– Example:
• Behavior Feedback Theory – effect of your
behavior on emotions
– Example:
Basic Emotions
• 10 Basic Emotions at birth(Izard)
• Other’s are combo of the 10 basic
Fear
• Adaptive value of fear
• Learned
– Conditioning - fear things associated with naturally
painful or traumatic experiences
– Observational Learning
• The biology of fear
– Amygdala
• Phobias – fear disrupts ability to cope
Anger
• Anger
– Evoked by events
– Catharsis – emotional release
• Catharsis hypothesis – relieves
aggressive urges/calms temporarily if
– Directed against provoker
– Justifiable
– Target not intimidating
• Example:
– Expressing anger
can increase anger
Happiness
• Happiness
– Feel-good, do-good phenomenon –
people are more helpful when in a
good mood.
• Example :
– Well-being – happiness/satisfaction
with life
• Example:
Happiness
The Short Life of Emotional Ups and
Downs
• Watson’s studies
Happiness
Wealth and Well-Being
Happiness
Wealth and Well-Being
Happiness
• Happiness and Prior Experience
– Adaptation-level phenomenon tendency to judge various stimuli
relative to those we have previously
experienced
• Happiness and others’ attainments
– Relative deprivation – tendency for our
personal happiness to be heavily
influenced by others’ attainment
• Example -
Happiness
Predictors of Happiness
Stress and Health
• Health psychology - subfield of psychology that
contributes to the prevention and treatment of
illness
– Example:
• Behavioral medicine - interdisciplinary field that
integrates and applies behavioral and medical
knowledge to health and disease
Stress and Illness
• Stress - process by which we perceive and respond to
environmental threats and challenges.
– Stress appraisal
– Short-lived or perceived as challenges = positive
effects
• Mobilizes immune system
• Motivates
– Prolonged = harms
• Activation of sympathetic nervous system
• Fight or flight (Cannon) - Adrenal glands secrete
epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood steam
– Cortisol (outer part of adrenal glands)
• Tend and befriend (women)
– oxytocin
Stress
• Social readjustment
rating scale (SRRS)
• Life Changing Units
(LCUs)- marriage,
change job, etc…
• The more LCUs you
have the higher your
score is on the SRRS.
• Those who score
higher are more likely
to have stress related
disease.
Seyle’s General Adaptation
Syndrome
• Describes our
response to a
stressful event.
• Three stages
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
– Sources of Stress –
daily hassles, too
many things to do
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress and the Heart
• Coronary heart disease – closing of vessels that
nourish the heart
• Type A versus Type B (Friedman and Rosenman)
– Type A – hard-driving impatient, verbally aggressive,
anger prone
– Type B – easygoing, relaxed
Stress and Susceptibility to
Disease
• Psychophysiological illnesses – stress related
physical illness
– Examples – hypertension, headaches
• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) – how psych,
neural and endocrine system together affect
immune system
– Lymphocytes – 2 types of white blood cells
• B lymphocytes – In bone marrow,release antibodies
• T lymphocytes – In thymus and other lymphatic tissue,
attack cancer cells, viruses
– Macrophage – Immune system agent that ingests
worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria
– Natural Killer (NK cells) - Immune system cells that
pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called
Stress and Disease
• Arthritis – overactive immune system
causes body to attack own tissue
• AIDS – stress can speed progression of
HIV to AIDS by limiting production of
lymphocytes
• Cancer – doesn’t create cancer cells, but
may affect their growth by suppressing
the activity of t-lymphocytes