Transcript 11.1 HL Immune System part 2

Monocolonial Antibody
IB Learning Objective
• Describe the production of monoclonal
antibodies.
Monoclonal Antibody Definition
• Antibody produced by a single clone
(type) of B lymphocytes
• It consists of a population of identical
antibody molecules.
Monoclonal Antibody Uses
• A monoclonal antibody has many uses in
medicine because:
– They are stable molecules
– They can be used over a long period of time
Monoclonal Antibodies Production
• They are made from genetic engineering
using mouse cells.
• See page 357 in pink IB textbook
Monoclonal Antibodies Production
1. Antigens that correspond to desired antibody
are injected into an animal (usually a mouse)
2. B-cells are produce by the above animal and
the antibodies produced by B-cells are
removed.
Monoclonal Antibodies Production
3. Tumour cells are obtained. These cells
grow and divide endlessy.
4. B-Cells from above animals are fused
with tumour cells, producing a cell called
a hybridoma.
5. These hybridoma divide endlessly and
produce a lot of the desire antibodies.
Monoclonal Antibodies Production
6. The hybridoma cells are culture & the
antibodies they produce are purified and
extracted
Monoclonial Antibodies Videos
• http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swf
• http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/a
nimations/content/monoclonalantibodies.ht
ml
IB Learning Objective
• Describe the use of monoclonal
antibodies.
Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Determine/ diagnose pregnancy
– Pregnant women produce a
urine with high
concentration of human
chorionic gonadotrophin
(HCG)
– Monoclonial antibodies that
bond with HCG have been
engineered to also carry
color granules.
– Thus a change in color in
a pregnancy test confirms
pregnancy.
Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
Treatment of Disease
– Cancer cells carry specific tumour-associated antigens (TAA)
on the cell (plasma) membrane
– Monoclonial antibodies to TAA have been produced….
– These antibodies as carry drugs to kill the cancer cell
Uses of monoclonal Antibodies
Treatment of Rabies using monoclonal antibodies:
• Rabies infection can be quickly an effectively treated by the direct
injection of antibodies
• The antibodies are synthesis ed by monoclonal antibody technology
• This is an effective treatment for a very serious infection
Other applications
• Cancer Treatment
• Transplant Tissue Typing
• Purification of industrial products
Monoclonal Antibodies Virtual
Lab
• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/immuno
logy-virtual-lab
Viruses & Vaccinations
IB Assessment Statement
• Explain the principle of vaccination
Vaccines
• A weakened (attenuated) pathogen is
injected into the body to generate an
immune response and produce memory B
cells.
• Vaccines don’t prevent infections, but on
subsequent exposure to the pathogen the
secondary immune response is faster.
Response of the Immune System
to a Vaccine.
B.
V= Vaccination
I=Infection
Level of
antibody
D.
Time
V
I
• Sometimes
two or
more vaccinations
are needed to
stimulate the
production of
enough antibodies
to fight off a
disease.
First Vaccination
B.
V= Vaccination
I=Infection
Level of
antibody
D.
Time
V
I
• The
first
vaccination causes
little antibody
production and the
production of some
memory cells.
Second Vaccination
B.
V= Vaccination
I=Infection
Level of
antibody
D.
Time
V
I
• The
second
vaccination, called a
booster shot
causes a response
from the memory
cells & therefore a
faster & greater
production of
antibodies.
Vaccination Summary
• There are many diseases in which the primary infection stage can
do considerable damage to the body. Some of these are serious
enough to be fatal.
• Vaccination (immunisation) uses modified pathogens (Antigen)
which have significantly reduced pathogenicity.
• The pathogen organism in some vaccines is dead and in others is
weakened (attenuated).
• These vaccines carry the pathogen antigen (epitope) and therefore
stimulate clonal selection and the development of immunological
memory but without developing the disease symptoms or signs
Viruses differ in shape and in
ways of entering host cells.
• Viruses have a simple structure.
– genetic material (RNA or DNA)
– capsid, a protein shell
– maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat
enveloped
(influenza)
capsid
nucleic acid
lipid
envelope
helical
(rabies)
Surface proteins
capsid
nucleic acid
surface
proteins
lipid envelope
polyhedral
(foot-and-mouth
disease)
surface
proteins
capsid
nucleic acid
• .
colored SEM; magnifications:
large photo 25,000; inset 38,000x
• Bacteriophages infect bacteria.
capsid
DNA
tail sheath
tail fiber
Relative Sizes
1 nanometer (nm) = one
billionth of a meter
eukaryotics cells
10,000-100,000
nm
viruses
50-200
nm
prokaryotics
cells
200-10,000 nm
IB Assessment Statement
• Discuss the benefits and dangers of
vaccinations
VIDEOS
Ted Talks on Vaccine
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19KkF
CQz8WQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nncPtx
LCPrE