Transcript How is a vaccine prepared?

Connect!
• Did you get a swine flu vaccination?
• What is a vaccination?
Vaccinations
• Weakened or dead microbes (or even parts)
still have the antigens present on their
membranes, and thus stimulate the immune
system to react.
• Antibodies and white blood cells attack
(after shape recognition), then memory
cells remain for years.
• The second response is much faster than
the first because of the memory cells, so
usually the invader is wiped out before any
symptoms develop.
Vaccine Preparation
Obtain pathogen
Treat pathogen to kill or
weaken it
Inject altered pathogen
(vaccine) into organism
Body responds to antigens present by
making antibodies and having white
blood cells attack invader
Some white blood cells specific for the pathogen
remain in the body for a long time to continue the
protection from future attacks by the pathogen
Cancer
• Certain genetic mutations can result in
uncontrolled cell division called cancer
• Exposing cells to certain chemicals and
radiation increases mutations and
increases risk of cancer
• Immune system recognizes cancer cells
by abnormal proteins on cell surfaces, and
tries to destroy the cancer cells
Chunk!
• What is a vaccine made of?
• How does a vaccine work?
• Why is the second response to a pathogen
faster than the first?
• What are memory cells?
• How is a vaccine prepared?
• What is uncontrolled cell division?
• How do immune cells recognize cancer
cells?
Immune System Problems
1. Stress and Disease
• The immune system may weaken due to age,
stress, fatigue, or viral diseases.
• Some viral diseases, such as AIDS, attack the
immune system itself, leaving the body unable
to deal with infections and cancer cells.
• People with AIDS often die of infections that a
healthy immune system would easily destroy.
2. Allergies
• In some people, the immune system may
react to environmental substances (food,
pollen, insect toxins) that are normally
harmless. These people have an allergy.
• The immune system reacts by releasing
chemicals called histamines, which can
cause runny nose, sneezing, rashes and
swelling.
• Antihistamines reduce efficiency of
histamines and symptoms.
3. Autoimmune Disorders
• Sometimes the immune system may
attack some of the body’s own cells, not
recognizing the antigens as self.
• One type of diabetes results when the
immune system attacks and destroys the
pancreas cells that make insulin.
• Rheumatoid arthritis results when the
immune system attacks and destroys
connective tissue such as tendons,
ligaments and bone.
4. Transplant Problems
• Transplanted organs have foreign
antigens on their cells because they come
from another person.
• Immune system recognizes antigens as
foreign and attacks, causing rejection.
• Transplant patients take drugs to reduce
the effectiveness of their immune system,
but as a result, may become ill from a
pathogen that normally would not be a
threat.
Chunk!
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How does AIDS affect the body?
What is an allergy?
What are histamines, and antihistamines?
What is an autoimmune disorder?
Give an example.
What causes transplant rejection?
What is done to lessen rejection risk, and
what effect does it have?