WK11-RevApopt.
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Transcript WK11-RevApopt.
Chlamydiae
Obligate intracellular pathogens.
Acute and/or persistent infections.
C. trachomatis – mucosal surfaces:
Ocular infections - trachoma
Genital infections - pelvic inflammation, infertility
Reactive arthritis
C. pneumoniae
Pneumonia
Atherosclerosis
Chlamydia Life Cycle
Elementary body (EB)
-metabolically inactive
-highly infective stage
Reticulate body (RB)
-metabolically active
-intracellular growth stage
Persistent body (PB)
-life cycle pause between EB and RB stages
-stable association with host cell
Apoptosis vs Necrosis
Apoptosis – programmed cell death.
-eliminate and phagocytose cells in an orderly fashion.
-phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor on phagocytes increases
anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-beta and IL-10.
-needed for embryogenesis, immune system maintenance.
Necrosis – non-programmed cell death.
-cellular debris is a ‘danger signal’ in the cell, so
inflammatory response follows DSR interaction with
phagocytic cells.
Apoptosis vs Necrosis
How might apoptosis help pathogens?
Facilitating pathogen propagation
-pathogens within apoptotic cells can be taken up by
other phagocytic cells without the pathogen having
to navigate the extracellular environment.
Avoiding inflammatory responses
-apoptosis can release anti-inflammatory cytokines that
down regulate the immune response.
Pathogen manipulation of apoptosis
Viruses – often inhibit apoptosis
-
Protozoa – often inhibit apoptosis
-
Oncogenic viruses destroys p53 surveillance system
Inhibit extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways
Toxoplasma, Trypanosomes, Cryptosporidium
Heat shock proteins, NF-KB
Bacteria – often induce apoptosis
- Helicobacter, Shigella, Salmonella
- Toxins, protein synthesis inhibitors, TTSS
Mechanisms of Apoptosis
Extrinsic pathway – Receptor mediated
-
FasL-death receptor interactions
Initiator caspases – caspases 8, 9
Effector caspases – caspases 3, 6, 7
Intrinsic pathway – Intracellular origin
-
Caspase activation or intracellular stress signals
Mitochondrial release of cytochrome c
Apoptosome formation
Extrinsic pathway
Type I cells – activate initiator caspase 8, then
effector caspase 3, then apoptosis commenses.
Type II cells – require mitochondrial amplification.
BAX, BAK stop being inhibited by BCL-2, BCL-X
and cause mitochondrial release of cytochrome c,
then apoptosome forms, activates caspase 3, and
commenses apoptosis (DNA fragmentation,
nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing, etc.)
Chlamydial apoptosis manipulation
When to inhibit apoptosis?
When to induce apoptosis?
Chlamydial apoptosis manipulation
When to inhibit apoptosis?
- for chronic or persistent infections
- when intracellular growth stages dominate
When to induce apoptosis?
-
for acute infections
when infectious Elementary Body stages dominate
How to manipulate apoptosis?
‘Chlamydia protein associating with death
domains’ = CADD, is an oxidoreductase, so
accumulation of reactive oxygen species could
lead to necrosis, while interactions with Fas could
inhibit apoptosis.
Chlamydia interferes with mitochondrial
apoptosis signals, perhaps by secreting Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins or inactivating pro-apoptotic
proteins. Type III Secretion Systems available.
How to induce apoptosis?
Caspase-independent apoptosis occurs.
Necrosis occurs in some cases… by design or accident?
Cell type specific interactions.
Over-expression of BAX, BAK cause cell death.
-
BAX deficient cells and mice had fewer Chlamydial
organisms, so perhaps BAX-induced apoptosis is important
for propagation of the infection.
Increased mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative
stress observed in infected cells.
How to inhibit apoptosis?
Inhibit cytochrome c release from mitochondria.
MEK/ERK – MAPK signalling pathways.
NF-KB – as with MEK/ERK, upregulate
transcription of anti-apoptotic genes.
IAP – upregulate Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins.
Future Work
No methods exist for genetic transfer (yet),
so much is unknown about virulence and
pathogenesis!
Is Chlamydiae-induced apoptosis associated with
acute disease while Chlamydiae-inhibited
apoptosis is associated with chronic disease?
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