Transcript Leukemia - Alverno College Faculty

Leukemia
The bare-bone facts
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
By Jennifer Yeek
Instructions
Pathophysiology
Use
Complications
Use
to go to next slide
to go to previous slide.
Body’s response
Use menu buttons (to the left to move area of topic)
Treatment Options
When you see a highlighted word, roll over it to get
the definition.
New Treatments
At check points you will be asked a few questions. If
you choose the incorrect answer, go back to the
question and try again.
Most importantly, have fun !
What is leukemia?
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
A disease where the neoplasm inside the
bone marrow fills up with abnormal
white blood cells, so no other cells
can be synthesized.
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Pathophysiology
check point Now!
How does leukemia occur?
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
First, we must remember that white blood cells
(WBC’s), red blood cells (RBC’s) and platelets
are made in the bone marrow.
Complications
Body’s response
RBC
RBC
WBC
WBC
Treatment Options
New Treatments
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check point Now!
Platelet
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Abnormal white blood cells (WBC) divide.
This is because there is a mutation in
ras pathway which is used for cell division.
Body’s response
Treatment Options
The overproduction of abnormal WBC’s
overcrowd normal WBC’s
New Treatments
Do Pathophysiology
check point Now!
The patient will have an increased WBC count ,
but the WBC’s are abnormal.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
The overproduction of abnormal WBC’s may
spill out into the blood, and infiltrate into other
tissues such as :
- liver
-spleen
-lymph nodes
New Treatments
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This causes the organ to become
Enlarged (Porth, 2005)
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
The patient may suffer from
side effects such as:
-Fever
-Sweats
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Pathophysiology
check point Now!
This is because the WBC’s are
secreting cytokines, such as interleukin 1.
.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
There are some potential risks for acquiring
leukemia.
Some are genetically related, while others are
environmental.
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Pathophysiology
check point Now!
Genetic disorders related to leukemia risk are:
-Down syndrome
-von Reckinghausen’s disease
-Fanconi’s anemia (Porth,2005)
-Philidelphia chromosome (for chronic
leukemia) (Leukemia & Lymphoma Society,
2006)
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Pathophysiology
check point Now!
Here is a list of environmental
factors that may increase
your risk in acquiring
leukemia





Oncogenic viruses (Porth, 2005)
Irradiation
Chemical benzene
Therapeutic radiation
Tobacco smoke (Leukemia &Lymphoma Society)
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Pathophysiology
check point Now!
Diagnosis for leukemia is
done by specific blood tests,
along with examining cells
in the blood and bone
marrow (Leukemia &
Lymphoma society, 2006).
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
In leukemia, an overproduction
of abnormal WBC’s may spill out
into the blood, and do what?
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
a.) Fight off infections more
adequately
b.) Infiltrate into other tissues, and
cause them to enlarge
c.) Bond with RBC’s and aid in clot
formation
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
The WBC’s are abnormal, and
they wouldn’t be able to fight
off infections well. Click the
back arrow button and try the
question again.
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Great Job!
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Microsoft, 2007
Yes, the overproduction of WBC’s
would infiltrate into other tissues
such as the liver, spleen and lymph
nodes and cause them to enlarge.
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
The WBC’s would not bond with RBC’s
and form clots; however, they will
move into something. Click the back
arrow button and try the question
again.
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Leukemia is a disease where the
neoplasm inside the bone marrow
does what?
a.) fills up with abnormal white blood
cells, and no other cells can be
made.
b.) fills up with abnormal reds blood
cells, yet allows more cells to be
made.
c.) fills up with cellular waste, and
increases the production of acid.
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
Yes, very good.
The neoplasm in the bone
marrow fills up with abnormal
WBC’s and this overcrowds the
bone marrow not allowing any
more cells to be made.
New Treatments
(Microsoft, 2007)
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
What type of abnormal cells are
being produced? Please try
again.
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Waste isn’t being produced in
the bone marrow, but an
abnormal cell type is. Please
go back and try again.
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Patients with leukemia may suffer
from systemic side effects such as:
fever, and sweats. Why?
Body’s response
a.) The WBC’s are dividing fast, which increases
Treatment Options
New Treatments
body temperature.
b.) The WBC’s are secreting cytokines, which reset
the set point temperature in the hypothalamus.
c.) The patient gets bursts of energy from the
abnormal WBC’s and decides to exercise more,
producing sweat.
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Yes the WBC’s are dividing, but
something else is occurring, What do
you think? Click the back arrow
button and try the question again.
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Fantastic!
Complications
Body’s response
Microsoft, 2007
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Yes, the WBC’s are secreting
cytokines which tell the
hypothalamus to reset the set
point temperature to fever
response.
Check point for
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Sorry, this answer is incorrect. The rapid
division of abnormal WBC’s did not
cause bursts of energy, What to you
think the WBC’s are doing to cause a
fever? Click the back arrow button
and try the question again.
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
So far we know that leukemia causes an increase
of abnormal WBC production, leaving no
room for RBCs, WBCs or platelets to form
in the bone marrow.
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Check point for
complications of
leukemia now!
Cytokines released
by WBC’s can cause fever and sweats.
What complications does leukemia cause?
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Leukemia causes complications such as:
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Check point for
complications of
leukemia now!
1. Anemia
2. Immunodeficiency
3. Inhibition of hemostasis
4. Bone marrow depression
Complications of Leukemia
What is anemia?
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Anemia is when your body doesn’t
produce enough RBC’s.
When someone is anemic
they have signs and symptoms such as:
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Check point for
complications of
leukemia now!
•Shortness of breath
•Weakness
•Pallor
•Feeling cold
•Dizzy
•Irritable
•And may have headaches
(2006, Leukemia & Lymphoma society)
Why would someone with
leukemia have anemia?
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
The red blood cells are synthesized
in the bone marrow, however,
abnormal WBC’s are overcrowding
the bone marrow, and no RBC’s can be made
↓
Anemia
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Check point for
complications of
leukemia now!
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Check point for
complications of
leukemia now!
An immunodeficiency is when
the body is unable to fight
infections, and heal sores
adequately. Someone will
exhibit reoccurring illnesses
and infections that don’t go
away as well as sores that
don’t heal in a sufficient
amount of time.
Why would someone with leukemia
have an immunodeficiency?
Pathophysiology
Complications
Remember the concept where abnormal
WBC’s have taken over the bone marrow,
not allowing the bone marrow to make any other cells?
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do Check point for
complications of
leukemia now!
No normal WBC’s can be made.
Without a sufficient amount of
WBC’s to ward off infections,
you’ll have an immunodeficiency.
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Hemostasis is the process of forming
clots so bleeding can come to a halt.
Body’s response
Treatment Options
Someone with inhibition of hemostasis
will have excessive bleeding.
Some common examples are:
New Treatments
Do Check point for
complications of
leukemia now!
Nose bleeds
Bruising
Petechiae
Why would someone with leukemia
have inhibition of hemostasis?
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Platelets aid in clot formation. Not
enough platelet forming cells
(magakaroyocytes) can be made in the
bone marrow (Bowne, 2004-06).
What is the reasoning behind this?
a.) There are too many abnormal RBC’s are being made
in the bone marrow, giving no room for other cells to
be made.
b.) The bone marrow has shrunken
c.) There are too many abnormal WBC’s being made in
the bone marrow, not allowing any room for platelet
making cells to be made by the bone marrow.
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Your answer is not quite right,
remember the cells type that is
involved. Click the back arrow button
and try the question again.
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
The bone marrow has expanded
due to a certain type of
abnormal cells that divide out of
control. Please go back and see
if you know what type of cells
are responsible for this.
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Microsoft, 2007
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Bone marrow depression
is bone pain and/or fractures.
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
This occurs because the bone marrow is trying to
synthesize RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets,
but cant because the abnormal WBC’s
are taking over the space in the bone marrow,
overcrowding other cells out.
New Treatments
This causes the bone marrow cavity to expand,
which causes pain
and gives great risk for fractures.
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Shortness of breath, weakness,
feeling cold and pallor are all
signs of what complication of
leukemia?
Treatment Options
New Treatments
a.) bone marrow expansion
b.) anemia
c.) immunodeficiency
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
The signs and symptoms of bone
marrow depression are pain in the
bones and fractures. Think about
what aids in transporting oxygen
throughout the body.
It’s not
enough
of me!
New Treatments
RBC
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Good Job!
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
Microsoft, 2007
New Treatments
Shortness of breath, weakness,
feeling cold and pallor are all
signs of anemia.
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
An immunodeficiency would give
the signs and symptoms of
reoccurring infections as well as
sores that don’t heal adequately.
Think about what aids in
transporting oxygen throughout
the body. Click the back arrow
button and try the question
again.
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Reoccurring illnesses and
infections that don’t go away as
well as sores that don’t heal in a
sufficient amount of time can be
a complication of leukemia.
What are these signs of?
a.) immunodeficiency
b.) inhibition of hemostasis
c.) bone marrow expansion
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
You are correct. A sore that
takes a while to heal and
reoccurring infections are
indicators of an
immunodeficiency.
New Treatments
Microsoft, 2007
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Inhibition of hemostasis would give
the sign of excessive bleeding,
such as nose bleeds and bruising.
What system aids in fighting off
infections? Click the back arrow
button and try the question again.
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Lets think this over, what body system aids
in fighting off infections? Click the back
arrow button and try the question again.
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
What is a sign of inhibition of
hemostasis?
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
a.) reoccurring infections
b.) fractures in bones
c.) excessive bleeding
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Reoccurring infections is not a sign
of inhibition of hemostasis;
remember that the process of
hemostasis uses platelets. Click
the back arrow button and try the
question again.
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Fractures in bones is not a sign of
inhibition of hemostasis. What would
occur to someone who isn’t producing
enough platelets? Click the back arrow
button and try the question again.
Check point for
Complications of Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Way to Go! You deserve an ice
cream cone.
Body’s response
Treatment Options
Microsoft, 2007
New Treatments
Lets take a look at how the body
responds to leukemia
How Does the Body
Respond to Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Kidneys don’t get enough O2,
due to low RBC’s (anemia)
Complications
Secrets erythropoietin
Body’s response
Treatment Options
Bone marrow is overactive,
It expands and
pain results
New Treatments
Do how the body responds
to leukemia checkpoint now!
Low RBC’s and pain
Causes…
The generalized stress
response
(GSR) to activate
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do how the body responds
to leukemia checkpoint now!
Gives signs
and
symptoms
of
Sweating,
Pallor,
tachycardia
Check point for How the
body responds to leukemia
Pathophysiology
What causes the Generalized
stress response to activate in
leukemia?
Kidneys don’t get enough O2,
due to low RBC’s (anemia)
Complications
Secrets erythropoietin
Body’s response
Bone marrow is overactive,
Expands and
Pain results
a.) the kidney secreting
erythropoietin
Treatment Options
New Treatments
b.) low RBC’s and pain
c.) an overactive bone marrow
Low RBC’s and pain
causes
GSR Activates
Sweating,
Pallor,
tachycardia
Check point for How the
body responds to leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
The kidneys secreting erythropoietin
normally would cause the bone
marrow to synthesize more RBC’s.
What stimuli would activate the
GSR? Click the back arrow button
and try the question again.
Check point for How the
body responds to leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Fantastic! Pain and low RBC’s
would cause the GSR to activate.
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Microsoft, 2007
Check point for How the
body responds to leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
The overactive bone marrow would
cause pain. You’re so close.
What stimuli would activate the
GSR? Click the back arrow button
and try the question again.
Check point for How the
body responds to leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Lets try a clinical question.
A patient comes into your clinic with pain in
his legs, high blood pressure, a rapid pulse,
complains of feeling weak and tired. He has
much bruising on his body and his pupils are
dilated.
What are caused from the Generalized stress
response? Click over suspected signs and
symptoms to see if you are correct.
Check point for How the
body responds to leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Later, the patient had tachycardia,
angina and is feeling very weak.
They are also having fainting spells.
The lab reports indicate that the
patients erythropoietin, and
thrombopoetin levels are elevated.
Are any of these caused by the GSR?
Click over suspected signs and
symptoms to see if you are correct.
Check point for
How the body responds to leukemia
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Later, the patient has tachycardia, angina and
is feeling very weak. They are also having
fainting spells. The lab reports indicate that
the patients erythropoietin, and
thrombopoetin levels are elevated.
Treatment Options
New Treatments
What signs or symptoms are caused by
complications of leukemia? Click over
suspected signs and symptoms to see if you
are correct.
Treatment options
for Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Treatment options for leukemia
include:
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do check point for
Treatment options now!
1.
2.
3.
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Blood and bone marrow stem cell
transplantation
(2006, Leukemia & Lymphoma society)
Chemotherapy
and Radiation
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Usually this kind of treatment is used with
a combination of two or more drugs.
There are over 50 drugs used
(2006, Leukemia & Lymphoma society).
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do check point for
Treatment options now!
(Microsoft, 2007)
How does Radiation
therapy work?
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do check point for
Treatment options now!
Radiation destroys DNA and RNA which
inhibits further leukemic cells to divide.
Blood and Bone marrow
stem cell transplantation
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
There are two types:
Synergenic – use of identical twin for
donor (2006, Leukemia &Lymphoma
society).
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do check point for
Treatment options now!
Allogentic – use of blood and bone
marrow from healthy individual with
the same tissue type such as a
brother’s or sister’s (2006, Leukemia
&Lymphoma society).
Check point for
Treatment Options
Pathophysiology
How does radiation work?
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
a.) radiation changes the osmolarity of
cells so leukemic cells cannot survive
b.) radiation alters the ionic balance in
cells so leukemic cells cannot survive
New Treatments
c.) radiation destroys DNA and RNA so
leukemic cells cannot divide
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Sorry, your answer is incorrect. Think
about the cell’s genetic code. Click
the back arrow button and try the
question again.
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
You are incorrect. What would
make a cell able to pass on its
information? Please go back and
try again
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
You are correct! Radiation
destroys the leukemic cells DNA
or RNA so they can no longer
divide.
Treatment Options
New Treatments
(Microsoft, 2007)
Pathophysiology
Complications
In synrgenic bone marrow stem cell
transplantation, what is the
unique trait the donor must have?
Body’s response
a.) The donor must be an identical twin.
Treatment Options
New Treatments
b.) The donor must have the same blood type.
c.) The donor must have a history clear and
free of any illnesses.
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
You bet! In synergenic bone
marrow stem cell
transplantation, the unique trait
that the donor must have is that
they are an identical twin to the
recipient.
New Treatments
(Microsoft, 2007)
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
True, but were looking for a unique
trait, one that is rare. Click the back
arrow button and try the question
again.
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
This would be impossible. Everyone
may get an illness at some point of
their life. To what extent would the
donor need to match the recipient in
this type of transplant? Click the
back arrow button and try the
question again.
New-Available
Treatments for Leukemia
Some of the new
treatments for leukemia
are:
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do check point
for New-Available
treatment Now!
1.
2.
3.
4.
Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec)
Immunotherapy
Gene Therapy
Vaccines
(2006, Leukemia & Lymphoma society).
Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec)
This is used for newly diagnosed Chronic
myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients.
Pathophysiology
Complications
How does this drug work?
Body’s response
It blocks the oncogene that starts the transformation
process of leukemic cells
The advantages of this drug is the following:
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do check point
for New-Available
treatment Now!
•
•
•
•
Orally administrated
Low side effects
Few altering tissue effects
High response rate to leukemic cells
(2006, Leukemia & Lymphoma society)
Immunotherapy
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do check point
for New-Available
treatment Now!
Immune cells or antibodies are used to destroy
Leukemic cells, and slows down the process of new
leukemic cell growth
(2006, Leukemia & Lymphoma society).
Gene Therapy
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do check point
for New-Available
treatment Now!
An agent is used to block encoding
instructions
of an oncogene;
acts on both DNA, or RNA
(2006, Leukemia & Lymphoma society).
Vaccines
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Do check point
for New-Available
treatment Now!
Vaccines induce the
immunoresponse to specific
antigens that mimic cancer cells
which the patient may have, or
acquire in the future
The advantages to using vaccines
are that the patient may extend
their time of remission which is
an ideal long-term goal(2006,
Leukemia & Lymphoma society)!
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
How does Imatinib mesylate work?
a). It works by aiding the oncogene in
transformation of leukemic cells
b.) It works by destroying the cells DNA
and RNA, so they cannot divide
New Treatments
c.) It works by blocking the oncogene
which initiates transformation of
leukemic cells.
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
No, it does just the opposite. Click the back
arrow button and try the question again.
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
It doesn’t do this. Think of another way
to stop cells from dividing. Click the
back arrow button and try the
question again.
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
Way to go! This is correct.
Imstinib mesylate blocks the
oncogene, which inhibits the
process of transformation of
leukemic cells.
New Treatments
(Microsoft, 2007)
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
How does immunotherapy work?
a.) immune cells block leukemic cells’
receptors
b.) immune cells and antibodies destroy
leukemic cells and slows down the
process of new leukemic cell growth.
c.) Immune cells and antibodies ward off
new infections that may occur in a
patient with leukemia
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Sorry, you’re incorrect. Think about the role of
immune cells and apply it to the leukemic
cells. Click the back arrow button and try
the question again.
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
Very good. Immunotherapy is
the process of using immune
cells and antibodies to destroy
leukemic cells, thus slow down
future cell growth
New Treatments
(Microsoft, 2007)
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
This is very possible, however it’s not
being applied to the leukemic cells.
Click the back arrow button and try
the question again.
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
What is the advantage of using
vaccines against leukemia?
Complications
Body’s response
a.) vaccines help the patient feel
better with therapy
Treatment Options
New Treatments
b.) vaccines give the patient an extra
boost of energy
c.) vaccines may extend the remission
time
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
Sorry this is incorrect. What is the
main goal in treating leukemia?
Click the back arrow button and try
the question again.
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
A boost of energy for the patient
doesn’t sound like a bad idea,
however, this is incorrect. Think
about this, do we want the patient to
get leukemia again? Click the back
arrow button and try the question
again.
Check point for new
available treatment options
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Terrific! The key benefit in vaccinating
someone with leukemia is to extend
their time of remission. We don’t
want the patient to get leukemia
again.
Treatment Options
New Treatments
(Microsoft, 2007)
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
You have completed this tutorial.
You should now be fully
familiarized with the basic
concepts of leukemia.
Thank you for participating in this
interactive tutorial.
Have a great day!
(Microsoft, 2007)
A Special Thanks
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
New Treatments
To the people who have made it
possible for me to create this web
tutorial.
Thank you Pat for giving me the
learning opportunity and
allowing me to create this.
Thank you Dan for aiding me by
editing my drawings for this
creation
(Microsoft, 2007)
Pathophysiology
Complications
Body’s response
Treatment Options
This Web Tutorial has been created in
loving memory of my mother,
Edith May Jacob
Whom I love and miss dearly
New Treatments
(Microsoft,2007)
References
Pathophysiology
Bowne, P., (2004-2006). PATHO Interactive Physiology
Tutorials, Retrieved March 12, 2007 from
Complications
http://faculty.alverno.edu/bowneps/hemostasis/h5.htm.
Microsoft. (2007). Clipart. Retrieved March 12, 2007 from
Body’s response
Treatment Options
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.
Porth, C. M., (2005). Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered
Health Sciences. (7th ed.) Phiadelphia: Lippincott
New Treatments
Williams & Wilkins
Porth, C. M., (2007). Essentials of Pathophysiology. (2nd ed.)
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.