Oncology -Complications
Download
Report
Transcript Oncology -Complications
Causes of Cancer
Defective cellular growth
– Stem cells
– Generation time
– Contact Inhibitor
Defective cellular differentiation
– Exposure to carcinogens
– Moves to less mature form
– Leads to invasion and metastasis
Characteristics of Normal
Cells
Limited Cell Division
Specific Morphology
Small Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Ratio
Perform Specific Differentiated
Functions
Adhere tightly together…
Are nonmigratory
Grow in an orderly and well
differentiated manner
Are contact inhibited
Characteristics of Early
Embryonic Cells
Demonstrate rapid and continuous cell
division
Show anaplastic morphology
Have a large nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
Perform no differentiated functions
Adhere loosely together
Are able to migrate
Are not contact inhibited.
Characteristics of Benign
Cells
Demonstrate continuous or inappropriate
cell growth.
Show specific morphology
Have a small nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
Perform differentiated functions
Adhere tightly together
Are nonmigratory
Grow in an orderly and well regulated
fashion.
Characteristics of Malignant
Cells
Demonstrate rapid or continuous cellular
division.
Show anaplastic morphology
Have a large nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
Lose some or all differentiated functions
Adhere loosely together
Are able to migrate
Grow by invasion
Are not contact-inhibited
Definitions
Anaplasia
Anaplastic
Carcinogen
Carcinoma
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Metastasis
Neoplasia
Neoplasm
Stages of Carcinogenesis
(Oncogenesis)
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Metastasis
Common Steps in
Metastasis
Extension into Surrounding Tissues
Penetration into Blood Vessels
Release of Tumor Cells
Invasion of Tissue at the Site of
Arrest
Immune Response
Attempts to destroy abnormal cells
Surface Antigens
– Used as tracers to indicate success of
treatment
– CEA (carcinoembrionic antigen) - GI tract
– AFP (alphafetoprotein) - liver
– CA 125 - ovarian
– PSA – prostate
Cancer Grade and Stage
Grading;
Classifies cellular
aspects of a cancer.
Staging;
Classifies clinical
aspects of the cancer.
Histologic Class
I - Well differentiated
II - Moderate differentiation
III - Poor differentiation
IV - Immature & Undifferentiated
Clinical Staging
O - Ca in situ
I (A) - Localized growth
II (B) - Limited local growth
III (C) - Extensive local and regional
growth
IV (D) - Metastasis
TNM Classification
T - Primary tumor
N - Regional lymph nodes
M - Distant metastasis
–Tis No Mo
–T4 N3 M1
Goal
Education and early detection
C
A
U
T
I
O
N
Surgical Interventions
Biopsy
Cure
Control - Debulking
Palliative
Staging
Reconstructive
Prophylaxis
Radiation
Destroys cells, causes inflammatory response
Side Effects
Goals:
– Cure
– Control
– Palliative
Radiation Recall
External
Implants
Isotopes
Chemotherapy
Cell Cycle Non-specific
– Alkylating –Cytoxan, Leukeran, N.Mustard
– Antitumor antibiotics - Adriamycin
– Nitrosoureas –Carmustine, Hydrourea
– Corticosteroids –Prednisone, Decadron
– Hormones –Estrogen, Provera, Androgen
Cell Cycle Specific
– Antimetabolities –Methotrexate, 5-FU
– Plant Alkaloids (Miotic Inhibitors) –Vinblastine,
Vincristine
Cisplatin
Tamoxifen
Synergistic Effect
The total is greater than the individual
parts
Each agent has:
– action against cancer
– different site of action
– different organ toxicity or time of toxicity
MOPP Protocol
Complete
response
Agent
Action
Toxicity
Mustargen
DNA
Marrow – 10
days
10%
Oncovin
Mitosis
Neurotoxic
10%
Procarbazine
Marrow – 21
days
5%
Prednisone
RNA
Synthesis
Cell
membrane
20%
80%
Synergistic Effect
Immune
suppression
Side Effects
Cluster the common ones:
bone marrow suppression
alopecia
nausea and vomiting
Adriamycin - Cardiac
Cisplatin – Renal
Complications
Pain Control
Bone Marrow Suppression
– Infection - Neutropenia
– Hemorrhage
– Anemia
Infarction
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Spinal Cord Compression
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Common
Problems/Complications
Associated With Cancer
Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS);
Destruction of cells (lysis)
Release of Purine and Potassium (K+) into Bloodstream
Purines converted to uric acid (in liver)
Hyperuricemia
Obstruction of Kidney Tubules
ARF
K+ into Bloodstream
Hyperkalemia
Paraneoplastic
Syndromes
Secretion of Insulin
Secretion of ACTH
Hypercalcemia
SIADH
SIADH - Syndrome of
Inappropriate ADH
ADH release
Water Reabsorption into circulation -Renal
Tubules
Extravascular Fluid
Plasma Osmolality
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Serum Sodium Levels
CEREBRAL EDEMA
Leukemia
AML - Acute Myelogenous
– Age of Onset (15-39 yrs), usually affects adults
– Prognosis is generally poor, best with bone marrow
transplant
– Most common type of leukemia
– Equal incidence in males and females
ALL - Acute Lymphocytic
– Age of Onset (<15 yrs), usually affects children,
accounts for approx 10% of adult leukemia's
– Prognosis is poorer for adults than for children
– Fever & Bleeding
– Increased incidence in males
Leukemia
CML - Chronic Myelogenous
– Age of Onset (>50 yrs)
– Involves liver & spleen
– Blastic Crisis
CLL - Chronic Lymphocytic
– Older patients – over 50
– Lymph node involvement
Lymphoma
Lymph system
Lymphocytes & histiocytes (macrophages)
Hodgkins
– 15-35 and over 50 yrs.
Non-Hodgkins
– Outside of lymph nodes
– Wide spread before Dx
Multiple Myeloma
– Infiltrates marrow
– destroys bone
Breast
Early detection - Education
Treatment options
Mastectomy care
Referrals
Gynecological
Cervical
Endometrial
Ovarian
Genetics and Cancer
BRCA