Transcript The CNS Efficiency Model of the Chiropractic Subluxation

The CNS Efficiency Model
of the Chiropractic
Subluxation Theory
Fred Clary, DC, DIBCN
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Looking Back to Move
Forward
Subluxation
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Hippocrates 400BC
Randall Holme 1688
Hieronymous 1746
Harrison 1821
Palmers 1910
Stephenson 1927
Wyke 1967
Whatmore 1968
Korr 1975
Flesia/Faye 1983
Lantz 1990
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If Fundamentally You
Are the Same as
everyone else…
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IF You are thinking outside the
Box…You Still See the box…
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Neurology Milestones or Dead
Dogmas
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Before late 1990’s, brain tissue can not heal
After 2001, the brain is highly plastic, continually
adapting and modifying throughout adult life
Before 2002, the thalamus is a midbrain afferent
relay structure
After 2002, the thalamus regulates the quantity and
quality of information reaching the cortex and
modifies the information before its final destination
Before 2000, no adult stem cells exist in the CNS
After 2000, adult stems cells found, they are
numerous and act as glia cells when not
regenerating circuits
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Your World View
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Paradigm: A set of assumptions,
concepts, values, and practices that
constitutes a way of viewing reality …
A scientific paradigm filters :
what is to be observed and scrutinized,
 the kind of questions that are supposed
to be asked and probed for answers in
relation to this subject,
 how these questions are to be
structured,
 how the results of scientific
investigations should be interpreted.
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Paradigm Shift
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Paradigm Shift
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Paradigm Shift : Only happens when
anomalies or inconsistencies arise within a
given paradigm and present problems that we
are unable to solve within a given paradigm.
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Our view of reality must change, as must the
way we perceive, think, and value the world.
We must take on new assumptions and
expectations that will transform our theories,
traditions, rules, and standards of practice. We
must create a new paradigm in which we are
able to solve the insolvable problems of the
old paradigm.
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Evolution and the Brain
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Let us now consider how this general idea (of
evolution through natural selection) could be
applied to the nervous system.
Neurons are born and differentiate in ways that
are not conditioned by their future functions as
elements of neural circuits
Our understanding how functions ... can emerge
from these beginnings, … is worth remembering
that fundamental attributes of the nervous
system such as the circuitry underlying
locomotion or escape behavior are probably
also present as a rather stereotyped and
evolutionarily conserved set of cells and
connections.
It is at least possible to envisage that there is a
fundamental framework of circuitry just as there
is a scaffolding of initial pathways.
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Evolution and the Brain
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One would imagine that there has been a strong selective
pressure to make «fundamental frameworks of CNS
circuitry» as stable and efficient as possible from a
developmental point of view.
This involves not only stabilizing the formation of the
individual circuits, but also providing for general
means to adapt them to unforeseeable perturbations,
i.e. general mechanisms of functional plasticity (e.g.,
learning) and of developmental plasticity
It has been argued that there must also be a
mechanism to assess and adjust the functional
connectivity of the circuit in order to optimize its
performance.
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Energy efficiency of processing, interpreting,
summation and filtering information must be the
mechanism the nervous system uses to assess
and adjust the functional connectivity to it's
optimize performance.
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BATE, M. (1998) Making sense of behavior. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 42: 507-509.
GODA, Y. (1995) Memory mechanisms. A common cascade for long-term memory. Curr. Biol. 5: 136-138
FRIEDRICH, M.J. (2000). Research with Drosophila provides clues to enhancing human memory. JAMA 284: 2857-2858
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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Multiple Sclerosis: Functional connectivity analysis
suggests that altered inter-hemispheric interactions
between dorsal and lateral prefrontal regions may
provide an adaptive mechanism that could limit
clinical expression of the disease distinct from
recruitment of novel processing regions. Together,
these results suggest that therapeutic enhancement
of the coherence of interactions between brain
regions normally recruited (functional
enhancement), as well as recruitment of alternative
areas or use of complementary cognitive strategies
(both forms of adaptive functional change), may
limit expression of cognitive impairments in multiple
sclerosis.
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Sarah Cader. Reduced brain functional reserve and altered functional connectivity in patients with
multiple sclerosis. Brain (2006), 129, 527–537
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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Drug Addiction: …transition to addiction
results from genetic, developmental, and
sociological vulnerabilities, combined with
pharmacologically induced plasticity in
brain circuitry that strengthens learned
drug-associated behaviors at the expense
of adaptive responding for natural rewards.
Advances over the last decade have
identified the brain circuits most vulnerable
to drug-induced changes, as well as many
associated molecular and morphological
underpinnings.
Kalivas PW .Drug addiction as a pathology of staged neuroplasticity.
Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 Jan;33(1):166-80. Epub 2007 Sep 5.
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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Depression: In contrast to the null findings
for behavioral data, pretreatment,
depressed patients showed diminished
activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
and diminished functional connectivity
between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. The
altered functional connectivity appears
to be persistent. Further, at least some of
the prefrontal hypoactivity seems to be an
episodic characteristic of acute depression
amenable to treatment.
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Aizenstein HJ .Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 Jan;17(1):30-42. Altered functioning
of the executive control circuit in late-life depression: episodic and persistent
phenomena.
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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Autism: These findings suggest that the
neural basis of altered cognition in autism
entails a lower degree of integration of
information across certain cortical
areas resulting from reduced intracortical
connectivity. The results add support to a
new theory of cortical functional
underconnectivity in autism, which
suggest a deficit in integration of
information at the neural and cognitive
levels
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Marcel Adam Just. Functional and Anatomical Cortical Underconnectivity in Autism: Evidence from an
fMRI Study of an Executive Function Task and Corpus Callosum Morphometry. Cerebral Cortex April
2007;17:951--961
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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Pain & Awareness: Thalamus
and thalamo-cortical pathways
seem to be linked to the hypnotic
effects of anesthesia and deep
sedation. Connectivity studies
also confirm this….
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Ramani R, Understanding anesthesia through functional imaging.Curr Opin anaesthesiol. 2008
Oct;21(5):530-6.
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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Alzheimer’s: We have been
able to show that in mildly
demented Alzheimer's disease
patients the breakdown in
memory for unfamiliar faces is
due, at least in part, to a
reduction in functional
connectivity…
Cheryl L. Grady .Altered brain functional connectivity and impaired short-term
memory in Alzheimer's disease. Brain, Apr 2001; 124: 739 - 756.
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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Headache: Until recently, primary headache
disorders, such as migraine and cluster headache
were considered to be vascular in origin. However,
advances in neuroimaging techniques, such as
positron emission tomography, single photon
emission computed tomography and functional
magnetic resonance imaging have augmented the
growing clinical evidence that these headaches
are primarily driven from the brain. Brain
functional circuitry, signaling and connectivity.
Connectivity is the functional relationships and
communication between different regions of the
CNS.
Cohen AS . Functional neuroimaging of primary headache disorders. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006
Aug;6(8):1159-71.
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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Heart Disease: That the brain may
be involved in cardiovascular
regulation has been acknowledged
for over a century. That cardiac
arrhythmias may result from
cortical derangement has been
less well recognized.
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Oppenheimer S. Cerebrogenic cardiac arrhythmias: cortical lateralization and clinical
significance. Clin Auton Res. 2006 Feb;16(1):6-11.
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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Heart Function: There is extraordinary
neuroplasticity of the sympathetic
nervous system in adulthood, a
structural and functional neuronal ebb
and flow according to the demands
placed on it.
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Kreusser MM, Haass M, Buss SJ, Hardt SE, Gerber SH, Kinscherf R, Katus HA, Backs J. Injection of nerve growth
factor into stellate ganglia improves norepinephrine re-uptake into failing hearts. Hypertension 2006;47:209 –215
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The connectivity and neural drive to the heart
varies according to efficiency and neuroplasticity
tenets. Demands for the circuit and efficiency of that
circuit control resource use and thus its functional
performance.
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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Immune System: The brain and the immune system are the
two major adaptive systems of the body. During an immune
response the brain and the immune system "talk to each
other" and this process is essential for maintaining
homeostasis. Two major pathway systems are involved in
this cross-talk: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) …the role
of SNS are also discussed in the context of their clinical
implication in certain infections, major injury and sepsis,
autoimmunity, chronic pain and fatigue syndromes, and
tumor growth.
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Elenkov IJ .The sympathetic nerve--an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune
system. Pharmacol Rev. 2000 Dec;52(4):595-638.
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The brain and the immune system, or the "supersystems", a
term recently coined by Tada (1997) , are the two major
adaptive systems of the body. Although the immune system
has been often regarded as autonomous, the last two to
three decades provided strong evidence that the central
nervous system (CNS) receives messages from the immune
system and vice versa messages from the brain modulate
immune functions. Thus, the brain and the immune system
are involved in functionally relevant cross-talk, whose main
function is to maintain homeostasis
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Inefficient CNS Processing
involved in ALL Disease
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IBS/GI Disturbances: According,
positron emission tomography (PET)
and functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) have been widely
used to study neural mechanisms
underlying visceral sensations.
IBS and other GI disease display
altered connectivity and functional
changes in the brain compared to
healthy volunteers.
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Rapps N. Brain imaging of visceral functions in healthy volunteers and IBS patients. J
Psychosom Res. 2008 Jun;64(6):599-604
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Disease and Dysponesis
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Dysponesis is defined as a reversible
physiological state consisting of unnoticed,
misdirected neuro-physical reactions (e.g.
abnormal muscle activity) to various agents
(environmental events, bodily sensations,
emotions, and thoughts) and the
repercussions of these reactions
throughout the organism. These errors in
energy expenditure that are capable of
producing functional disorders consist
mainly of covert errors in action, potential
output from the motor and pre-motor areas
of the cortex, and consequences of that
output.
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Whatmore, GB. (1968) Dysponesis: A Neurophysiological Factor in Functional Disorders. Behavioral Science, Vo.
13, p.102
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Disease and Dysponesis
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Dysponesis (inefficient efferent output due to inefficient
processing) is capable of producing a variety of
physiological disturbances within the organism. By
affecting nervous system function, it can alter regulation
and thereby alter organ function of any system of the
body.
If one only treats the structural or psychological issues in
a patient, results will be disappointing, as dysponesis is a
neurophysiologic response pattern (CNS program) that
will survive structural and behavior therapy. The
Neurophysiological response must be changed. The
program must be changed. The connectivity and
functional signaling between areas of the CNS must be
changed to have a long-term successful outcome.
Dysponesis plays a role in the resultant neurophysiologic
sequela.
Dysfunctional disorders produce neuropathologic
signaling errors within the CNS circuitry and vice versa.
Whatmore, G.B. & Kohli, D.R.: The Physiopathology and Treatment of Functional
Disorders. Grune & Stratton, New York, 1974
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Disease and Dysponesis
Dysponesis embodies the tenets of
traditional chiropractic philosophy
and the technology of the 21st
century. Acknowledging the
devastating effects of the vertebral
subluxation upon human health, the
chiropractor now has the clinical and
intellectual tools to effectively lead
humanity into a healthful and fulfilling
21st century.
- Christopher Kent, D.C., FCCI
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The Importance of Metabolic
Efficiency in Neural Processing
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Brains are animal’s evolutionary responses
to demands that are as basic to life as the
requirement for energy and the need to
collect , transmit, process and store
information. Because nervous systems are
specialized for speed, efficiency and wide
scale integration, some of the molecular and
cellar constraints that determine signaling
and computation in complex systems will be
obvious, i.e. resources like ATP and signing
molecules.
Laughlin,SB. (2001).Efficency and complexity in neural coding. Novartis Foundation
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Symposium 239. p177-192
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The Importance of Metabolic
Efficiency in Neural Processing
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The Metabolic Cost of Neural
Informational processing and
signaling has often been
neglected by theorists
attempting to understand the
basic mechanisms of brain
function.
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Allman, JM (1990). The Origin of the NeoCortex. Seminars in Neurosciences 2. 257-62
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The Importance of Metabolic
Efficiency in Neural Processing
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The central theory of biology is evolution
through natural selection. Information
processing , signaling, summation and
integration by the nervous system is
extremely metabolically expensive. The
human brain is the product of optimization
and efficiency over million of years of
improvements towards adaptations to the
internal and external environment and
phylogenetic functional prioritizations.
The metabolic cost and energy expense
of information processing is the most
important constraint in the evolution of
the nervous system.
Gotts, S. (2003). Mechanisms underlying enhanced processing efficiency in Neural systems. A
dissertation presented to the Department of Psychology-Carnegie Mellon University
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The Importance of Metabolic
Efficiency in Neural Processing
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Energy usage is tightly coupled to neural
performance.
The high metabolic rate of the CNS is
product of neural activity.
Every signaling event uses energy, and
neurons are constantly active and densely
packed.
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Laughlin,SB (2001). Energy as a constraint on the coding and processing of sensory information. Current
Opinion in Neurobiology 11:475-480.
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Metabolic efficiency will only be an
important determinant of the evolution and
design of signaling systems when
metabolic costs impose a significant
penalty on the parent organism.
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Laughlin, S. The metabolic cost of neural information. Nature Neuroscience. Vol.1 no. 1 May 1998, page
36
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The Importance of Metabolic
Efficiency in Neural Processing
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The adult brain accounts for 20% of
the adult body’s resting metabolic
energy use while it accounts for only
2% of the total body mass. 80% of
the mammalian brain’s energy use is
accounted by neural signing and
processing. The child spends 50% of
all metabolic expense on CNS
processing.
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Attwell, D. (2001)An energy budget for signaling in in the grey matter of the brain.
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 21(10),1133-45.
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The Importance of Metabolic
Efficiency in Neural Processing
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The brain is finite and the moment to moment
energy supply is finite despite the ‘requests’ of the
CNS to process and run numerous programs.
Demand always outweighs supply.
Energy Metabolism is central to life because cells
cannot exist without an adequate supply of ATP. The
CNS is particularly sensitive to any disturbance in
energy supply.
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Erecinska, M. (2004) Energy metabolism in mammalian brain development.
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Energy limitation is a major factor in shaping the
normal operation of the brain’s circuitry.
Management of Resources is the
primary and superseding impact on
CNS function
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Ames, A. (2000). CNS energy metabolism as related to function. Brain Research Reviews 34:42-68
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Thalamic neuron theory
Thalamic neuron theory: theoretical basis
for the role played by the central
nervous system (CNS) in the causes
and cures of all diseases.
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Lee. TN. Med-Hypotheses. 1994 Nov; 43(5): 285-302
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The Mid Brain is older and more protected than the
Cortex and takes metabolic priority.
The thalamus influences a wide variety of sensory and
motor processes in the telencephalon, including gating of
sensory information
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Melissa J. Coleman. Thalamic Gating of Auditory Responses in Telencephalic Song Control Nuclei. The
Journal of Neuroscience, September 12, 2007 • 27(37):10024
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The thalamus regulates the quantity and quality of
information reaching the cortex and modifies the
information before its final destination
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R. W. Guillery, S. M. Sherman. The role of the thalamus in the flow of information to the cortex. Phil.
Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 2002 357, 1695-1708
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Thalamic neuron theory
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The Thalamic Neuron Theory
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The Thalamic Neuron Theory (TNT)
postulates that the central nervous system
(CNS) is involved in all disease processes,
as the CNS not only processes incoming
physical and chemical information from the
periphery, it also sends out physiological
commands to the periphery in order to
maintain homeostasis for the entire body.
Inherent in its capacity to learn and adapt
(i.e. to habituate) is the CNS' ability to learn
to be sick (pathological habituation) by
looking in certain deranged central neural
circuitries, leading to chronic disease
states
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The Thalamic Neuron Theory
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Uncontrolled flow of information
into the cortex (thalamic filtering
and integration dysfunction)
leads to mental health disorders
and other systemic dis-eases.
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Kornhuber, J. The Etiopathogenesis of Schizophrenias. Pharmoco-psychiatry 2004;S103-S112.
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The Thalamic Neuron Theory
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The unique characteristic actions of the
thalamus allow the thalamus to modify all
of the messages passing through the
thalamus for perceptual processing. It is
important to recognize that ALL copies of
motor instructions pass through the
thalamus. These instructions are subject to
rich modulatory influences That come
intrinsically from the thalamus and from
every are of the brain. The output is very
modified in and out of the midbrain!
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Guillery, RW. Branching Thalamic Afferents link Action and Perception. Journal of Neurophysiology. Vol.
90. August 2003. p.539.
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Neuroplasticity and Pain
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We now know that not only
modulation but also plastic
changes may take place at the
level of peripheral receptors,
at the spinal cord, or at higher
cerebral centers….changes
can be of short duration, last
days, months, or may potentially
be irreversible .
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Steen Petersen-Felixa. Neuroplasticity – an important factor in acute and
chronic pain. SWISS MED WKLY 2002;132:273–278
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Neuroplasticity
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Brain plasticity refers to the
brain’s ability to undergo
functional and structural
alterations in response to
internal and external
environmental changes
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A. May. Structural Brain Alterations following 5 Days of Intervention: Dynamic Aspects
of Neuroplasticity. Cerebral Cortex January 2007;17:205--210
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Neuroplasticity
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The main thing to know is that even the adult
brain is not "hard-wired" with fixed and
immutable neuronal circuits. Many people have
been taught to believe that once a brain injury
occurs, there is little to do to repair the damage.
This is simply not the case and there is no fixed
period of time after which "plasticity" is blocked
or lost. We simply do not know all of the
conditions that can enhance neuronal plasticity
in the intact and damaged brain, but new
discoveries are being made all of the time. There
are many instances of cortical and subcortical
(thalamic!) rewiring of neuronal circuits in response
to training as well as in response to injury.
There is solid evidence that neurogenesis, the
formation of new nerve cells, occurs in the adult,
mammalian brain--and such changes can persist
well into old age.
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Neuroplasticity
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To review, plasticity is the selective elimination of axons,
dendrites, axon and dendrite branches, and synapses,
without loss of the parent neurons, which occurs during
normal development of the nervous system, as well as in
response to injury or disease. The widespread
developmental phenomena of exuberant axonal
projections and synaptic connections require both smallscale and large-scale axon pruning to generate precise
efficient connectivity. This pruning provides a mechanism
for neural plasticity in the developing and adult nervous
system, as well as a mechanism to evolve differences
between species in a projection system.
Such pruning is also required to remove damaged axonal
connections or those that are perceived by local
mechanisms as not being efficient for the required circuit,
to stabilize the affected neural circuits, and to initiate their
maturation or repair. Pruning occurs through retraction,
degeneration or functional degradation.
To maintain energy efficiency (whether the program is
physiological or not), the CNS, through neuroplasticity,
will actually change the cells themselves!
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Neuroplasticity: Summary
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Cellular mechanisms:
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Changes in synaptic strength
Structural changes:
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Synaptogenesis
Axon sprouting
Cortical and SubCortical reorganization:
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Constant changes based on use
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Remapping after injury: adjacent areas take over
Rehabilitation helps preserve map
Rehabilitation helps strengthen secondary
connections
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Its Biology (Evolutionary
Biology). Not Opinions…
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Not all neural plasticity is beneficial
The brain is driven by efficiency, so if a bad
(e.g. Pain) program continues to run the
brain simply becomes plastic and saves
resources. The Pain program becomes
efficient. Less input is requires to get the
same output (result) whether its
physiological or pathological…
Chronic Pain, LBP, HA may be a result of
efficiency driven neuroplasticity and not
simply Atlas Right…
The brain is only concerned with the now…
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Neuroplasticity Refs
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Gross CG. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2000 Oct;1(1):67-73. Neurogenesis in the adult
brain: death of a dogma.
Turlejski K .Prog Brain Res. 2002;136:39-65. Life-long stability of neurons: a
century of research on neurogenesis, neuronal death and neuron quantification
in adult CNS.
Kempermann G. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop. 2002;(35):17-28. Neuronal
stem cells and adult neurogenesis.
Helen E. Scharfman .Is More Neurogenesis Always Better? Science. 2007 January
19; 315(5810): 336–338.
Taupin P. Adult neurogenesis, neuroinflammation and therapeutic potential of
adult neural stem cells. Int J Med Sci. 2008 Jun 5;5(3):127-32.
Taupin P. Adult neurogenesis pharmacology in neurological diseases and
disorders. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008 Feb;8(2):311-20.
Taupin P. Neurogenesis in the adult central nervous system. C R Biol. 2006
Jul;329(7):465-75. Epub 2006 May 26.
Taupin P. Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system:
functionality and potential clinical interest. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Jul;11(7):RA247252. Epub 2005 Jun 29.
Ma DK, Adult neural stem cells in the mammalian central nervous system. Cell
Res. 2009 Jun;19(6):672-82.
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Physiopathology
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Physiopathology – clinicians have long been
aware of structural pathology and the ability of these
anatomical or biochemical abnormalities to produce
malfunction. Malfunctions produced in this manner
are termed pathophysiology by the health care
community.
Malfunction resulting from processing or signaling
errors within the circuitry of nervous system is
termed physiopathology. Because of the presence
of both inborn and acquired CNS neuronal
interconnections (acquired because of efficiency
driven neuroplasticity), processing and signaling
errors can be produced and maintained
Arnsten AF. Stress signaling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nat Rev
Neurosci. 2009 Jun;10(6):410-22.
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Physiopathology detected by
fMRI
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To our knowledge, this is the first study to use fMRI
to differentiate pain processing in patients with
PTSD compared with trauma controls. Compared
with controls, veterans with PTSD revealed an
analgesic response when subjected to heat stimuli.
Patients with PTSD showed altered pain
processing in brain areas associated with affective
and cognitive pain processing, such as the insula,
hippocampus, amygdala, and ventrolateral PFC.
We propose that the neural pattern with decreased
activity in the right amygdala and the bilateral
ventrolateral PFC reflects altered pain regulation
mechanisms in patients with PTSD.
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Gueze, E. Altered Pain Processing in Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Arch Gen
Psychiatry. 2007;64:76-85
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What is the Chiropractic
Subluxation Complex
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The CNS is the most expensive metabolic tissue
The Evolutionary constraint on the organism is
CNS energy efficiency
The CNS attempts to be efficient in its signaling,
connectivity and processing
The CNS chooses the highest priority programs to
run first with its finite resources and energy supply
Neuroplasticity is activated as programs
(connections/signaling) continue to run over time.
This neuroplasticity drives the program to run with
lower resource utilization
The brain become “efficient” at a dysfunctional
program, because it has saved resources in the
short term.
Pain, Symptoms, Dis-ease and Disability arise if a
non-physiological program is “reinforced” or if other
physiological programs are neglected because of
lack of resources.
The “Interference” in the nerve system was between45
your ears…
What is the Chiropractic
Subluxation Complex
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Subtle rotations in the spine may be physiologic or pathologic
adaptations…Evolutionary pruning would have removed nonadvantageous traits over millions of years of selection. After
millions of years of adaptation, only traits that don’t have a
negative value are left behind.
Pure Symmetry is NOT part of the normal evolution, efficiency
and biological fitness are a part of normal evolutionary and the
natural selection historical evidentiary pool for humans
When a human adapts for functional movement that program
must not only take into account vertebral geography, but
musculature tension, facial tension, anticipated pre & post
motor activity states, available instantaneously resources
including global and individual musculature constraints, energy
and metabolic efficiency. Subtle vertebral body rotations may
be the best instantaneous physiological decision for the
human.
If we HEDO, thump a high spot, we should ask, “…did that
body want that high spot because that small local fixation
saved the greatest amount of resources globally and made
them as efficient as possible in the short term?...”
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Do we work against what the brain is trying to do…
Big Words…Big Concepts
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Neurophysiological Partitioning: since the CNS controls and
regulates all physiological processes of the human body,
optimizations must occur at the microscopic cellular level in the
nervous system first.
All these changes can be explained by considering the process
of energy efficiency of neural communication and neural
processing. Energy (available ATP) is finite. It is reasonable to
assume that the limiting factor for this energy efficiency
optimization process is the use of available ATP. Thus, to
optimize neurological programs, the CNS will shunt and
mobilize ATP to the areas of greatest physiological need in the
CNS.
Synergistic Neurophysiological Efficiency: Over time, all
neural processing moves to the most energy efficient state.
Neuroplasticity is driven by long term efficiency of the
information processing NOT the long term survival needs of the
individual. (Survival is ‘weeded’ out by natural selection)
Neuronal communication and computation are efficient when
considered in the dual (synergistic) context of energy and
information rather the either context alone.
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Where is the “Subluxation”
CNS Integration and Summation
or Bone Out of Place?
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Epigenetically unfolding our
potential as a species or Bone
Out of Place?
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Life is all about choices…

In all of its functions, the brain seeks
optimum efficiency, or the path of
least resistance. If one particular
function is not accessible, the brain
will automatically go on to the next
most efficient process for doing that
particular task. If the second task is
not available, it will go on to the third
or the fourth most efficient way.
Because each alternative process is
less efficient, it becomes more
stressful and energy expensive.
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The Truth
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
The Truth
Epigenetics: Epigenetics is defined as the study of Changes in gene
expression which occur in organisms with differentiated cells, Epigenetic
factors that can influence the behavior of genes include:
1. Chromatin structure – how DNA is packed
2. DNA methylation – turning genes off
3. Small RNAs – made from DNA and can influence gene behavior in
many ways
Once triggered, a group of molecules called a methyl group attaches
itself to the control centre of a gene, permanently switching on or off the
manufacture of proteins that are essential to the workings of every cell in
our body. In most tumors, this DNA methylation pattern has been
knocked awry, leading to a gene being completely deactivated or
triggered to abnormally high activity.
Our genetic code, the actual sequential structure of our DNA, can
pretty much shrug off the influence of any external environmental factors,
short of massive radiation.
However, the expression of individual genes within that sequence can be
permanently altered by such seemingly innocuous influences as diet,
exercise, sensory input, lifestyle or how others treat us (socialization) .
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
The Truth
Now, scientific evidence is emerging that these
externally driven changes in the behavior of our genes
might be passed down through the generations. For
example, recent research has demonstrated that the
sons of men who began smoking before puberty were
more prone to obesity.
All of a sudden, we're staring personal responsibility in
the face. Not only can our bad habits or noble attempts
at clean living permanently change the way our genes act
within us, they could very well have a significant impact
on the quality of our children's lives. If DNA is the
hardware of inheritance, the epigenetic operating
system is the software, controlling the 30,000 genes that
carry instructions for the proteins that make up our
bodies and keep them running.
If left alone, the epigenetic changes that bad or good
behaviors (sensory input) causes in research animals not
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only lasted a lifetime but was inherited.
The Truth

The traditional idea that we are the passive carriers of
our genes is being challenged by the notion that we are
their custodians. Our lifestyles, What we
believe…OUR PARADIGMS— what we eat, what
drugs we ingest, how we utilize chiropractic care, how
much we exercise, whether we smoke — plays a role in a
chemical switching system that activates or deactivates
our genes. There are signs that our behavior may
program sections of our children's DNA, and that
how we live may even affect our grandchildren's genes.
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What is Chiropractic for?
•
•
•
•
•
•
To increase ROM?
To remove a disc wedge?
To remove pain?
Rehabilitate? Palliative? Supportive?
To Treat or Adjust?
Or to Epigenetically advance humans
so we can fulfill our absolute destiny
as a species…to efficiently push our
natural selection and evolution as a
person, community, society, nation,
world
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THE GREATEST ADDICTION IS NOT
DRUGS OR ALCOHOL, BUT THE
ADDICTION TO OTHER PEOPLE’S
LIMITED OPINIONS ABOUT YOU AND
YOUR LIFE
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YOU CAN’T CHANGE WHAT IS GOING ON
AROUND YOU,
UNTIL YOU CHANGE WHAT IS GOING ON
WITHIN YOU.
WHEN YOU START CHANGING HOW YOU
THINK, ACT, AND TREAT OTHERS,
LIFE WILL START RESPONDING TO YOU
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