Transcript Immune system

The Bodies Defense
“D-
“
“D-
The Bodies Defense
Lymphatic system

System of canals and filters
that purify the blood.





Immune System

Old RBCs and Bacterial cells
Lymph: ICF Intercellular fluid,
bathes body cells
Lymph Vessels
Lymph nodes: Tiny filters
Organs: Tonsils, adenoids,
spleen
(the bodies filtering and
recycling station)
“

designed to protect the body
from current and future
invasions.
Lymphocytes

T-cells, B-cells
Phagocytes
(the bodies watch dog)

Pathogens and Disease
Section 40-1
Pathogen
Types
Viruses
Bacteria
Protists
Worms
Fungi
Chickenpox
Agent That Causes
Disease
Rhinovirus
Two types (A, B),
plus subtypes
Varicella
Measles
Paramyxovirus
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Neisseria meningitidis
Vibrio cholerae
Clostridium tetani
Trypanosoma
Disease
Common cold
Influenza
Meningitis
Cholera
Tetanus
African sleeping
sickness
Malaria
Amoebic dysentery
Schistosomiasis
Beef tapeworm
Athlete’s foot
Ringworm
Plasmodium
Entamoeba histolytica
Schistosoma
Taenia saginata
Imperfect fungi
Imperfect fungi
Method of
Transmission
Airborne; direct contact with infected person
Airborne; droplet infection; direct contact with
infected person
Airborne; direct contact with infected person
Droplets in air; direct contact with secretions of
infected person
Droplets in air; contaminated milk and dairy products
Direct contact with a carrier
Contaminated drinking water
Contaminated wound; usually puncture wound
Spread by tsetse fly
Spread by Anopheles mosquitoes
Contaminated drinking water
Freshwater streams and rice paddies
Contaminated meat
Contact with infected person
Exchange of hats, combs, or athletic head gear with
infected person
The Lymphatic System
Identify 4
structures of the
lymphatic
system
Tonsils
Adenoid
Thymus
Thoracic Duct
Appendix
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Bone Marrow
The Lymphatic System
Adenoids are masses of tissue located at the back
of the nasal cavity (they are not visible except with a
special instrument used by a health professional).
Both tonsils and adenoids are part of the system
that helps the body to fight infection (the lymphatic
system). They are located near the entrance of the
breathing passages so that they will come into
contact with bacteria and viruses that come in
through the mouth and nose. When bacteria or
viruses come into contact with the tonsils or
adenoids, the body's immune system can begin to
work by producing antibodies
Tonsils are clusters of lymphatic tissue just under
the mucous membranes that line the nose, mouth,
and throat (pharynx). There are three groups of
tonsils. The pharyngeal tonsils are located near the
opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx. When
these tonsils become enlarged they may interfere
with breathing and are called adenoids. The
palatine tonsils are the ones that are located near
the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx.
Lingual tonsils are located on the posterior surface
of the tongue, which also places them near the
opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx.
Lymphocytes and macrophages in the tonsils
provide protection against harmful substances and
pathogens that may enter the body through the
nose or mouth.
The spleen is part of the circulatory and
the lymphatic systems.
Found between the stomach and the
diaphragm.
Produces certain types of blood cells
Removes blood cells and
bacteria from the blood.
Immunity
P hysical
B arriers
Immunity
Nonspecific
Defence
P hagocytes
WBC,
Monocytes
W BC,
B asophils
W BC,
Neutrophils
Dspecific
defence
Lyphocytes
cell
mediated
antibody
mediated
W BC,
E osinophils
T cells
B cells
Immunity

The ability of the body to resist a
particular disease. Ex. Bacterial,
fungal, Viral, etc.

Or not get kicked off of survivor!
Immunity

Milkmaids who contracted cowpox
seemed not to catch smallpox?
1796
Edward Jenner tested a theory
 He injected fluid from a cowpox sore
into the small cut of his young male
assistant.
He developed cowpox.
He then injected the boy with the fluid
from a small pox sore
He remained healthy
Immunity

Cowpox, (recoverable)

Smallpox (Fatal)
Both are caused
by closely related viruses
Immunity

1.
2.
3.
4.
What did this Prove??
The boy was introduced to a weakened or mild form
of the disease.
His body was able to develop a defense against it.
Jenner developed the method of Vaccination to give
people immunity to small pox.
This method was later extended to the prevention of
many other diseases..

HOW DOES THIS AFFECT YOU???
How does Immunity work?
1.
2.
3.
The body must have the ability to distinguish “self”
from “NON-self cells.(Foreign cells)
When the body detects NON-self or foreign cells an
IMMUNE RESPONSE occurs.
**These non-self cells are called ANTIGENS.**
The body does this by identifying the proteins that
make up the antigens surface. (Carbohydrates and
Nucleic Acids also may be identified)

HOW DOES THIS AFFECT YOU???
Your body must fight of this antigen
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Phagocytes have already started engulfing the
antigens. NON-specifically
Lymphocytes are called in that recognize and try to
destroy antigens.
Types of Immunity
Types
of
Immunity
Inborn Immunity
Natural, born
with these
anitbodies.
Acquired
Immunity
Developed
immunity
Active
Passive
1. Antigen Processing.
When the macrophage eats bacteria,
proteins (antigens) from the bacteria are
broken down into short peptide chains and
are then "displayed" on the macrophage
surface.
Helper T Cell Stimulating B Cell
When a T lymphocyte "sees" the same antigen on
the macrophage and on the B cell, the T cell
stimulates the B cell to turn on antibody production
2.
3. Antibody Production. The stimulated B cell
undergoes enlargement and differentiation to form
antibodies.
A specific antigen recognition of the invader causes
an antibody to bind to the bacteria making them
easier to ingest by white cells.
A human macrophage
(gray) approaching a
chain of Streptococcus
pyogenes (yellow).
Riding atop the
macrophage is a
spherical lymphocyte.
Both macrophages and
lymphocytes can be
found near an infection
An immune response
The Immune Response (1)
1 . The immune response begins when a white
blood cell called a macrophage encounters a virus and
consumes it. Meanwhile, other viruses look for nearby
cells to infect.
The Immune Response (2)
2 . Next, the macrophage digests the virus and displays
pieces of the virus called antigens on its surface.
Nearby cells have now become infected by the attacking
viruses.
The Immune Response (3)
3 . Unique among the many different helper T cells
(another class of white blood cells) in the body
one particular helper T cell now recognizes the
antigen displayed and binds to the macrophage.
The Immune Response (4)
4 . This union stimulates the production of chemical
substances that allow intercellular communication.
Such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor
(TNF) by the macrophage, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and
gamma interferon (IFN-y) by the T cell
The Immune Response (5)
5 . As part of the continuing process,
IL-2 instructs other helper T's and a different class
of T cells, the killer T's, to multiply. The proliferating
helper T's in turn release substances that cause B cells
to multiply and produce antibodies.
The Immune Response (6)
6 . The killer T cells now begin shooting holes in host
cells that have been infected by viruses.
The Immune Response (7)
7 . The antibodies released by the B cells bind
to antigens on the surfaces of free-floating viruses.
Besides making it easier for macrophages
to destroy viruses, this binding signals blood
components called complement to puncture holes
in the viruses.
The Immune Response (8)
8 . Finally, as the infection is brought
under control, the activated T and B cells are turned
off by suppressor T cells. However, a few
"memory cells" remain behind to respond
quickly if the same virus attacks again.
Do Now: In you own words Please
Section 40-2
Antibody Concentration
explain this graph. Hint: Primary and
Secondary Immune Responses
Interval
between
exposures
First
exposure
Second
exposure
Time
Figure 40–7 The Inflammatory
Response
Section 40-2
Skin
Wound
Phagocytes move into the
area and engulf the bacteria
and cell debris
Bacteria enter
the wound
Capillary
Video 1
Inflammatory Response
Video
Figure 40–8 Structure of an
Antibody
Section 40-2
Antigenbinding
sites
Antigen
Antibody
Figure 40–9 Humoral Immunity
Section 40-2
First
Exposure
Figure 40–9 Humoral Immunity
Section 40-2
First
Exposure
Second
Exposure
Video 2
Humoral Immunity
Figure 40–10 Cell-Mediated
Immune Response
Macrophage
Helper T cell activates
killer T cells and B cells
T cell binds to
activated
macrophage
Helper
T Cell
Killer
T Cell
T Cell
Antigens are displayed on
surface of macrophage
T cell, activated by macrophage,
becomes a helper T cell
Infected Cell
Killer T cells bind to infected cells,
disrupting their cell membranes and
destroying them
Video 3
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Video
Virus
Infected
Body Cells
Immunity
Engulfed by
Attacks
8.
Macrophag e
it displays antig en
Binds to
T-Helper
Killer T Cells
stimulates
Sorry we
dont know
this one or
we would
have
produced
antibodies
B Cell
Recog nition
Attracts
Forms
Macrophag es
Secretes
Cytokins
(hormone)
Then attacked by
Memory B
cells
will
Stimulate
Bind to
Free floating
invaders and
weaken them
produce
Promote B
lymphocytes
production,
activation,
and
Antibodies
suppressor T cells
For
recognition if
exposed at a
later time
Interest Grabber continued
Section 40-3

as allergies.

2. How can you tell the difference
between an allergy and a cold?

3. What types of objects are people
allergic to?
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4. How are allergies treated?
40–3 Immune System Disorders
A.
B.
C.
D.
Allergies
Asthma
Autoimmune Diseases
AIDS, an Immunodeficiency Disease
1.The Virus That Causes AIDS
2.Transmission of HIV
3.Preventing HIV Infection
4.Can AIDS Be Cured?
Video 1
Inflammatory Response
Video
A. Allergies
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
An over reaction by the immune system.
Allergens:
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
pollen, mold spores, dust + dust mites, FOOD
Mast cells  "mastzellen," "feeding-cells  wrong meaning!!!!!

Specialized cells that initiate INFLAMATION response to
protect tissues

They Secrete HISTAMINE which:


Increases blood flow
Increases mucus production in air ways
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Leads to sneezing
Runny nose
Watery eyes
B. Asthma
B. Asthma

Narrowing of Air Passage ways
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
Due to Genetics and Environment
Leads to Wheezing, coughing,
Triggered by exercise, colds, pollen, dust, smoke
Leading cause of illness in children
B. Asthma
C. Autoimmune Diseases
Immune system makes a mistake and attacks
(using antibodies) the body’s own cells
 It produces an autoimmune disease:
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Type 1 Diabetes: attack insulin producing cells of panaceas
Rhematoid arthritis: attacks connective tissues around joints
Myasthenia gravis: nerve cell junctions, acetylcholine
Multiple sclerosis: Destroys nerve and brain cellsin specific
areas
Lupus: Varies form mostly systemic
Immune
Suppressive drug treatments
Stages of HIV Infection
Section 40-3
Infection;
Immune
system
eliminates
most of HIV
Symptoms, such as
swollen lymph nodes,
are few
Loss of immune
function more
apparent; appearance
of characteristic
diseases such as
yeast infections
Almost
total loss
of cellular
immunity;
AIDS
Relative HIV
concentration
T cell
concentration
Years
Interest Grabber
Section 40-4


Don’t Light Up
Smoking accounts for eight out of ten lung
cancer deaths and about 30 percent of
deaths by all types of cancer. The more
cigarettes, cigars, or pipes a person
smokes and the longer a person smokes,
the greater his or her chance of getting
lung cancer. Even if you don’t smoke, you
still may be at risk—if you simply breathe
Interest Grabber continued
Section 40-4

1. Why do you think most people start
smoking?

2. Do you think that most smokers know
that smoking greatly increases their risk of
death by lung cancer? If smokers knew
this information, do you think they would
quit? Explain your answer.
Section Outline
Section 40-4

40–4 The Environment and Your Health
A. Air Quality
1. Carbon Monoxide
2. Ozone
3. Airborne Particulates
B. Water Quality
C. Bioterrorism
D. Cancer
1. Causes of Cancer
2. Treating Cancer
E. Maintaining Health
1. Healthful Diet
2. Exercise and Rest
3. Abstaining from Harmful Activities
4. Regular Checkups
Concept Map
Section 40-4
The Study
of Cancer
includes a
knowledge of
Symptoms
Causes
which may
include a
including
Tumor
Viruses
Malignant
including
Chemicals
which may
consist of
which are
classified as
Benign
Radiation
Treatments
X-rays
Sunlight
Surgery
Nuclear
radiation
Drug
therapy
Radiation
therapy
Interest Grabber Answers



1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of
some of the infectious
diseases you have had.
Infectious diseases include colds, the
flu, measles, mumps, chickenpox, strep
throat, tonsillitis, pneumonia, and so on. If
students list diseases that are not
infectious, explain why these diseases are
not infectious diseases.
2. Choose one of the diseases on your
Section
list. How did you feel when you were
sick 1
Interest Grabber Answers





1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of some of
the vaccines you have received.
Most students have had vaccines for tetanus,
polio, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria,
pertussis (whooping cough), chickenpox,
hepatitis B, meningitis, and so on.
2. Have you ever received a vaccine before you
traveled to a foreign country? If so, which
vaccines did you receive?
Possible answers: vaccinations against yellow
fever, cholera, and typhoid fever.
Section 2
3. Have you ever been sick with any of the
Interest Grabber Answers

1. Does one of you have allergies? If so,
how does your body behave when you are
exposed to something to which you are
allergic? If neither of you has allergies,
describe the behavior of someone you
know who has allergies.

Possible answers: sneezing; watery,
itchy eyes; stuffy nose.

2. How can you tell the difference between
an allergy and a cold?
Section 3
Interest Grabber Answers

1. Why do you think most people start
smoking?

Because their friends smoke or they
think it makes them look older.

2. Do you think that most smokers know
that smoking greatly increases their risk of
death by lung cancer? If smokers knew
this information, do you think they would
quit? Explain your answer.
Section 4
Students may say that most smokers

The most abundant of the white blood cells
are the lymphocytes (specific immunity).
These include
•B lymphocytes (often simply called B cells)
•These provide Humoral immunity.
B cells are not only produced in the bone
marrow but also mature there.
T lymphocytes (likewise called T cells)
However, the precursors of T cells leave
the bone marrow and mature in the
thymus .
T cells provide Cell mediated immunity.
The bone marrow produces all the blood cells;
the red blood cells,
white blood cells (also called leukocytes),
and platelets.
The most abundant of the white blood cells are
the lymphocytes (specific immunity).
Phagocytes (Macrophages) provide nonspecific immunity.
An immune response
Do Now:
Using your own words explain the graph
below.
Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus
(H.I.V.)
Rules:
OUTBREAK
• If you are infected you take the exam tomorrow
• You can DENIGH/REJECT any person.
Procedure:
1. Exchange fluid with 3 people.
2. Write their names down on the index card in the order in which you came in
contact.
3. Draw a line.
4. Below the line choose a life style letter you see your self living in college
5. Exchange the appropriate Number of times,,, again writing down their names.
OUTBREAK
Each of you will be assigned a CONTACT LETTER.
This LETTER COORESPOND WITH THE ROLE in which you will
play.
Letter
A
B
Roles
Abstinent student
Cautious Librarian
Contacts
0
2
C
Faithfully Married Adult
1
D
E
F
g
Unfaithful married adult
Promiscuous life style
IV drug user
High risk Life style
3
6
6
8
OUTBREAK
Each of you will be assigned a CONTACT LETTER.
This LETTER COORESPOND WITH THE ROLE in which you will
play.
Letter
A
B
Roles
Abstinent student
Cautious
Contacts
0
2
C
Faithfully Married Adult
1
D
E
F
g
Unfaithful married adult
Promiscuous life style
IV drug user
High risk Life style
3
6
6
8
OUTBREAK
Each of you will be assigned a CONTACT LETTER.
This LETTER COORESPOND WITH THE ROLE in which you will
play.
Letter
A
B
Roles
Abstinent student
Cautious
Contacts
0
2
C
Faithfully Married Adult
1
D
E
F
g
Unfaithful married adult
Promiscuous life style
IV drug user
High risk Life style
3
6
6
8
Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus
(H.I.V.)
*Is a RNA based virus.
**Attacks the human immune
system leaving the body open
susceptible to opportunistic
infections.
*** attacks Lymphocytes
http://www.msnbc.com/news/876504.asp
Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
*late stage of HIV
** a syndrome is a group of symptoms
and signs of a disease that indicate a
certain disorder
*** When a persons CD4 cell count drops
below 200 (1000 normal)
****communicable through fluid contact:
sexual intercourse, IV drugs, Blood
transfusions
Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (H.I.V.)
Animation
Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus
(H.I.V.)
Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus
(H.I.V.)
Typical virus shape
People that test positive for
H.I.V. have antibodies for
the virus in their plasma.
This virus shuts down a
person’s immune system and
eventually leads to A.I.D.S.
(Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome)
Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus
(H.I.V.)
Feb. 24 — The human test of
a potential AIDS vaccine
yielded disappointing results,
but there could be bit of good
news to come out of the
effort. NBC’s Robert Bazell
reports.
javascript:m_OpenMPV3('V','nn_bazell_aidsvaccine_030224','0','0',
Aids in Africa
34.3 million people in the world have AIDS
-- 24.5 million of them in sub-Saharan Africa.
Nearly 19 million have died from AIDS,
***3.8 million of them children under the age of 15.
Among the other statistics:
•10,500 new cases are diagnosed each day
•5.4 million new AIDS infections in 1999, 4 million of them in
Africa.
•2.8 million dead of AIDS in 1999, 85 percent of them in Africa.
•13.2 million children orphaned by AIDS, 12.1 million of them in
sub-Saharan Africa.
•Reduced life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa from 59 years to
45 between 2005 and 2010, and in Zimbabwe from 61 to 33.
•More than 500,000 babies infected in 1999 by their mothers -most of them in sub-Saharan Africa.
Do Now 3/5
How does AIDS affect
you, if infected?.
Blood Disorders
Anemia:
Sickle Cell Anemia:
Leukemia:
Shock:
Blood Typing



In the early 20th century, an Austrian
scientist named Karl Landsteiner classified
blood according to two different proteins.
Landsteiner observed two distinct
chemical molecules present on the
surface of the red blood cells.
He labeled one molecule "A" and the other
molecule "B."
Blood Typing
Blood
type
Diagram Antigens
present
Antibodies Serum effect Can
produced
Agglutination? Receive
A
B
AB
O
So what is the Rh Factor???
Blood Typing
Percentage of each ABO Blood Type by Country
Country
U.S. G.B. Germany Japan China
ABO Type % %
%
%
%
O
46 47
41
30
35
A
40 42
45
38
27
B
10 8
10
22
26
AB
4
3
4
10
12
Add a drop of anti-A antibodies (left) to blood drop A
Add drop of anti-B antibodies (right) to blood drop B
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/aniblood.htm#determine
See If Drop A and Drop B Are Clumped By Antibodies
Phenotype Percentages Based On U.S. Population
Type O (45%): No clumping in blood drops A or B
Type A (42%): Clumping in blood drop A with anti-A
antibodies
Type B (10%): Clumping in blood drop B with anti-B
antibodies
Type B+
Type AB (3%): Clumping in both blood drops A and B
Type AB-
When red cells carrying one or both antigens are exposed to the
corresponding antibodies, they agglutinate; that is, clump together.
Human red blood cells before (left) and after (right) adding
serum containing anti-A antibodies. The agglutination reaction
reveals the presence of the A antigen on the surface of the cells.
Simplified Explanation For Rh Blood Factor
Rh Neg
Blood
Add a drop of anti-Rh antibodies (anti-D serum) to a drop of blood
on a slide labeled Rh. The Rh negative blood (shown above) will
not clump, while the Rh positive blood (below) will show clumping:
Rh Pos
Blood
Splinter
Trauma, bacteria and dirt signal to white cells in nearby vessels there is
damage to control. Neutrophils, the most active and phagocytic of the
white blood cells, become sticky and begin to adhere to the inside of the
vessel wall. Adherence slows the cells down, making them "roll" on the
inside of the vessel. The neutrophils then become superadherent and
squeeze out between endothelial cells that line the vessel, a phenomenon
called "diapedesis".
From there, the white cells must FIND, EAT, and KILL foreign microbes.
Slide 22: Blood Smear
Medium Lymphocyte (yellow)
Neutrophils (green)
Bar = 50 Microns
Slide 23: Blood Smear
Myeloblast to Promyelocyte transitio
Promyelocytes (blue)
Band (red)
Segmented Neutrophil (green)
Plasma Cells (black)
Notice the prominent granules in the
Bar = 30 Micron
Chapter 16 web sites
http://www.thequalityhospital.com/cgi-win/mercyweb.exe/he
http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/
http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Circulation.html
http://www.biotie.com/flash/blood_clotting/bc.html blood clotting