Pathophysiology of Lymphomas - Ipswich-Year2-Med-PBL-Gp-2
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Transcript Pathophysiology of Lymphomas - Ipswich-Year2-Med-PBL-Gp-2
Rick Allen
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF LYMPHOMAS
LYMPHOMA
Leukaemia involves widespread bone marrow
involvement and a presence in peripheral
blood.
Lymphoma’s arise in discrete tissue masses
(commonly lymph nodes), with potentially only
minor peripheral blood presence.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CELL ORIGIN
Precursor B cell neoplasms
(premature B)
Peripheral B cell neoplasms
(mature B)
Precursor T cell neoplasm
(premature T)
Peripheral T cell and NK cell
neoplasm (mature T and NK)
Hodgkin (Reed-Sternberg cells
and variants)
Non Hodgkins
Lymphoma
(NHL)
ROBBINS P 599
NHL – PREM B AND T
ALL
That is all
NHL – PERIPHERAL B CELL NEOPLASM
CLL/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Tissue
manifestation of CLL. Psuedofollicular.
Immunophenotype: CD 19/20/23/5
Aetiology: deletion of 13q (TSG), 14q, 17p and
trisomy 12q
Pathophysiolology: Growth confined to proliferation
centres. Microenvironment stimulates NF-κB.
Immune function buggered by unknown mechanism
NHL – PERIPHERAL B CELL NEOPLASM
Follicular Lymphoma
Most
common form of indolent NHL
Immunophenotype: CD19/20/10, Ig, BCL 2 and 6
Aetiology: Germinal centre B cells, t(14:18) [BCL2]
Pathophysiolology: BCL2 antagonises apoptosis
and promotes survival. Calls in reactive cells.
Marrow, spleen and liver involvement common.
Goes where B cells go (white pulp)
NHL – PERIPHERAL B CELL NEOPLASM
Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
Most
common NHL. Diffuse growth, massive cells
Immunophenotype: CD19/20, Ig, BCL 6
Aetiology: BCL6 overexpression mutation:
represses germinal B cell differentiation and growth
arrest, silences p53
Pathophysiolology: rapidly enlarging mass.
Waldeyer ring is common. Destructive mass in liver
or spleen (1 or 2). Aggressive, commonly fatal
NHL – PERIPHERAL B CELL NEOPLASM
Burkitt Lymphoma
Mature
B cells. “Starry sky” pattern. Diffuse.
Immunophenotype: CD19/20/10, IgM, BCL6
Aetiology: t(8,2/14/22), c-MYC gene with a
promoter ↑ expression. p53 point mutation. EBV
involvement
Pathophysiolology: extranodal sights in kids and
young adults. Jaw and abdo viscera.
NHL – PERIPHERAL B CELL NEOPLASM
Mantle cell Lymphoma
Resemble
mantle B cells (surround germinal
centre). Nodular or diffuse
Immunophenotype: ↑ cyclin D1, CD19/20/5, Ig.
Aetiology: t(11;14) cyclin D1 upregulation G1S phase progression
Pathophysiolology: Painless lymphadenopathy.
Spleen and gut involvement symptoms.
NHL – PERIPHERAL B CELL NEOPLASM
Marginal zone Lymphoma
Extranodal
sites and MALT’s
Arise:
Chronic
inflammation due to autoimmunity or infection
(thyroid – Hashimoto, stomach – Heliobacter)
Localised for a fair period
May regress if ‘stimulant’ is removed.
PERIPHERAL T CELL LYMPHOMA
Immunophenotype: CD2/3/5
Types
Anaplastic Large-cell Lymphoma (rare)
Mycosis Fungoides/Sezary syndrome
CD4
Th cells go to the skin, invading the upper dermis and
epidermis. 3 distinct phases. Uses adhesion molecule.
Adult T cell
Infected
with Human T cell leukaemia retrovirus type 1
(HTLV-1), NF-κB. Bad prognosis.
Large Granular Lymphoblastic Lymphoma (rare)
Extranodal NK/T cell Lymphoma
Surrounds
and invades small vessels ischaemic
necrosis. EBV involved
HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
Classical HL
Nodular
sclerosis
Mixed cellularity
Lymphocyte rich (rare)
Lymphocyte depletion (rare)
Lymphocyte pre-dominance (rare)
Difference? Immunophenotypes of ReedSternberg (RS) Cells.
HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
Aetiology:
B-cells
are from germinal/post-germinal centre
A mechanism (commonly EBV infection via LMP1) NF-κB inhibitor mutation act.
Transcription factor NF-κB act. Lymphocyte
proliferation and survival genes
Theory: saves defective B cell from apoptosis,
mutates to RS cell
RS secretes cytokines (IL-5,10,13, TNF-β) and
chemokines calling reactive cells (majority)
release factors to promote tumour growth and
survival.
ROBBINS P621
HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
Pathophysiology:
Node
spleen liver marrow/other tissues
Suppressed Th1 immune response.
Mediastinal involvement breathing issues.
Generally slower progression
HL VS. NHL
HL
NHL
more often localized to a single
axial group of nodes (cervical,
mediastinal, para-aortic)
Orderly spread by contiguity
More frequent involvement of
multiple peripheral nodes.
Mesenteric nodes and Waldeyer
ring rarely involved
Waldeyer ring and mesenteric
nodes commonly involved
Extra-nodal presentation rare.
Extra-nodal presentation
common
Noncontiguous spread