Transcript Chlamydia, Rubella and CMV (ELISA)

CHLAMYDIA, RUBELLA AND
CMV (ELISA)
Abortion
• Defined as delivery occurring before the 28th completed
week of gestation
• Fetus weighing less than 500g
• Early abortion and late abortion
• 15% of clinically evident pregnancies
• 80% of abortions prior to 12 weeks’ gestation
Etiology
• Infection
• Exposure to high levels of radiation or toxic agents
• Hormonal problems, Thyroid disease.
• Uterine abnormalities , Incompetent cervix.
• Disorders of the immune system, including lupus
• Some Diseases: Severe kidney disease, Congenital
heart disease, Diabetes that is not controlled
• Certain medications, such as the acne drug Accutane
• Severe malnutrition
Infections
• Maternal infection with a large number of different organisms
has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage.
• Fetal or placental infection by the offending organism then
leads to pregnancy loss.
• Examples of infections that have been associated with
miscarriage include infections by
• Listeria monocytogenes,
• TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus)
• parvovirus B19,, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.
CHLAMYDIA
Classification
• Confusion occurred by the discovery of Chlamydia as
it was classified as both bacteria and virus:
• It is classified as virus for its:
• Basophilic staining in the host cell to form the elementary
bodies, which are small, dense and about 0.3µ in diameter.
• Intracellular micro-organism, they can’t synthesized ATP, but
use the host cell for this purpose.
• It differs from viruses by:
• They have both DNA and RNA.
• Have their self-metabolic system.
• They are able to grow and multiply.
• They are surrounded by a cell membrane.
• Response to antibiotic thereby.
Species of chlamydia:
• C. psittaci, cause psittacosis.
• C. lymphogranulomatis, cause lymphgranuloma
venerum.
• C. trachomatis, cause conjunctival and cornea
disease. ( Trachoma )
• C. occulogenitalis, cause conjunctivitis.
Psittacosis:
• Is a respiratory disease of man acquired from contact
with infected birds, which excretes the organism in
the stool.
• It causes infection in the upper respiratory system and
also pneumonia.
Laboratory diagnosis:
• Sputum and blood test ( smear to show elementary bodies ).
• Virus isolation: as the virus can be isolated by inoculation of the
yolk sac, by the intracerebral intranasal or intraperitoneal
injection into mice.
• Serological tests:
• Complement fixation.
• Agglutination test.
• Neutralization test.
• ELISA
Lymphgranuloma venerum:
• Is a venereal disease characterized by:
• Enlargement of the regional lymph nodes, tend to
form sinuses.
• Infect the urethral parts and cause urethritis and is
accompanied by systemic symptom of an infection.
•
Laboratory diagnosis:
• Smears ( biopsy from the infected lymph node ) ,
pus cells can be seen from infected lymph nodes
and stain ( elementary bodies ).
• Culture: is not useful as it will give neg. results and
resist all antibiotics.
Trachoma:
• Grows in the conjunctival and cornea cells to
cause kerato-conjuctivitis.
• Laboratory diagnosis:
• Smear.
• ELISA.
RUBELLA
• Rubella is a rather mild disease spread by the way of
respiratory secretion.
• Cause German measles, there symptom is:
• Firstly catarrhal symptoms and mild fever.
• Irregular rash.
• There incubation period is 3 – 4 weeks.
• The tragic aspect of Rubella may become evident of infection
occurs during pregnancy.
• The virus can cross the placental wall and infect the virus, this
may lead to fetal death or congenital defect which may be:
• Hearing loss.
• Mental retardation.
Laboratory diagnosis:
• Complement fixation.
• Neutralization test.
• Heme immune agglutination (HIA).
• Heme agglutination inhibition (HAI).
• ELISA, IgM and IgG.
CYTOMEGALO VIRUS
•
CMV is called salivary gland virus which may infects
salivary glands or parotid glands.
•
An increase number of infections with this virus
have reported in adults with neoplastic disease,
leukemia, or tissue transplantation.
•
We can isolate this virus from all body fluids
Laboratory diagnosis:
• Histopatholgical studies, this virus leads to the
formation of certain inclusion in the infected cells.
• Virus isolation.
• ELISA.
• Notice: when we measure IgG, it rarely
negative and often positive, so we determine
the titer, suppose it is 300 IU/ml, after 2-3
weeks we make follow up and do the CMV
again, if:
• The titer in the same level it is negative.
• The titer is high, it is positive.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
• (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus
1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2),
• HSV-1 and -2 are transmitted by contact with an
infected area of the skin , sexual transmissions.
• neurotropic and neuroinvasive viruses, HSV-1 and -2
persist in the body by becoming latent and hiding
from the immune system in the cell bodies
of neurons.
• Treatment acyclovir
Laboratory diagnosis:
• Virus isolation.
• ELISA.