Transcript Chapter 14 - Monsignor Farrell High School

Chapter 14
psychological therapies
psychology
fourth edition
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Treatment in the Past
LO 14.1 Two Modern Ways to Treat Psychological Disorders
AP: Identify Major Figures
• Mentally ill people began to be confined to
institutions called asylums in the mid1500s
• “Treatments” were harsh and often
damaging
• Philippe Pinel became famous for
demanding that the mentally ill be treated
with kindness, personally unlocking the
chains of inmates in France
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Therapy
LO 14.1 Two Modern Ways to Treat Psychological Disorders
AP: Central Characteristics of Psychotherapeutic Intervention
• Therapy: treatment methods aimed at
making people feel better and function
more effectively
• Two broad categories:
– one based primarily in psychological theory
and techniques
– the other uses medical intervention to bring
symptoms under control
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Therapy
LO 14.1 Two Modern Ways to Treat Psychological Disorders
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
Evaluate Various Approaches to Explaining Psychological Disorders
• Psychotherapy: therapy for mental
disorders in which a person with a problem
talks with a psychological professional
– insight therapies: psychotherapies in which
the main goal is helping people to gain insight
with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and
feelings
– action therapy: psychotherapy in which the
main goal is to change disordered or
inappropriate behavior directly
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Therapy
LO 14.1 Two Modern Ways to Treat Psychological Disorders
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
Evaluate Various Approaches to Explaining Psychological Disorders
• Biomedical therapy: therapy for mental
disorders in which a person with a problem
is treated with biological or medical
methods to relieve symptoms
– Drugs
– Surgeries
– Electric shock treatments
– Noninvasive stimulation techniques
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Freud’s Psychoanalysis
LO 14.2 Elements of Freud’s Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalysis Today
AP: Identify Major Figures
• Psychoanalysis: insight therapy based on
the theory of Freud, emphasizing the
revealing of unconscious conflicts
– dream interpretation
 manifest content: the actual content of one’s
dream
 latent content: the symbolic or hidden meaning of
dreams
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Freud’s Psychoanalysis
LO 14.2 Elements of Freud’s Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalysis Today
AP: Identify Major Figures
• Psychoanalysis (cont’d)
– free association: Freudian technique in which a
patient is encouraged to talk about anything that
comes to mind without fear of negative evaluations
– resistance: occurs when a patient becomes reluctant
to talk about a certain topic, either changing the
subject or becoming silent
– transference: the tendency for a patient or client to
project positive or negative feelings for important
people from the past onto the therapist
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychoanalysis Today
LO 14.2 Elements of Freud’s Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalysis Today
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Directive: actively giving interpretations of
a client’s statements in therapy, even
suggesting certain behavior or actions
– psychoanalysis today is generally directive
• Psychodynamic therapy: a newer and
more general term for therapies based on
psychoanalysis
– Emphasis on transference, shorter treatment
times, and a more direct therapeutic approach
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychoanalysis Today
LO 14.2 Elements of Freud’s Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalysis Today
AP: Major Treatment Orientations/Effectiveness of Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
• Interpersonal therapy (IPT): form of
therapy for depression which incorporates
multiple approaches and focuses on
interpersonal problems
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Rogers’s Person-Centered Therapy
LO 14.3 Basic Elements of Humanistic Therapies
AP: Identify Major Figures/Major Treatment Orientations
• Person-centered therapy: a nondirective
insight therapy in which the client does all
the talking and the therapist listens
– based on the work of Carl Rogers
– nondirective: therapeutic style in which the
therapist remains relatively neutral and does
not interpret or take direct actions with regard
to the client, instead remaining a calm,
nonjudgmental listener while the client talks
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Rogers’s Person-Centered Therapy
LO 14.3 Basic Elements of Humanistic Therapies
AP: Identify Major Figures/Major Treatment Orientations
• Four elements:
1. authenticity: the genuine, open, and honest
response of the therapist to the client
2. unconditional positive regard: the warmth, respect,
and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist
for the client in person-centered therapy
3. empathy: the ability of the therapist to understand
the feelings of the client
4. reflection: the therapist restates what the client says
rather than interpreting those statements
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Rogers’s Person-Centered Therapy
LO 14.3 Basic Elements of Humanistic Therapies
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Motivational interviewing (MI)
– In contrast to client-centered therapy, MI has
specific goals:
 To reduce ambivalence about change
 To increase intrinsic motivation to bring that change about
– Four principles:
• Express empathy
• Develop discrepancy between
client’s present behaviors, values
• Roll with resistance
• Support the client’s self-efficacy
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gestalt Therapy
LO 14.3 Basic Elements of Humanistic Therapies
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
Strategies for Resilience and Competence
• Gestalt therapy: form of directive insight
therapy in which the therapist helps clients
accept all parts of their feelings and
subjective experiences, using leading
questions and planned experiences such
as role-playing
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Today’s View of Humanistic Therapy
LO 14.3 Basic Elements of Humanistic Therapies
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
Evaluate Various Approaches to Explaining Psychological Disorders
• Humanistic therapies are not based in
experimental research and work best with
intelligent, highly verbal persons
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Behavior therapies: action therapies based
on the principles of classical and operant
conditioning and aimed at changing
disordered behavior without concern for
the original causes of such behavior
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Behavior modification or applied behavior
analysis: use of learning techniques to
modify or change undesirable behavior
and increase desirable behavior
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Identify Major Figures/Major Treatment Orientations
• Systematic desensitization (Wolpe, 1958):
behavioral technique used to treat
phobias, in which a client is asked to make
a list of ordered fears and taught to relax
while concentrating on those fears
– The patient confronts each item from his/her
hierarchy of fears until the phobia is gone
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Aversion therapy: form of behavioral
therapy in which an undesirable behavior
is paired with an aversive stimulus to
reduce the frequency of the behavior
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Exposure therapy: behavioral techniques
that introduce the client to situations
(under carefully controlled conditions) that
are related to their anxieties or fears
– flooding: technique for treating phobias and
other stress disorders in which the person is
rapidly and intensely exposed to the fearprovoking situation or object and prevented
from making the usual avoidance or escape
response
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Exposure therapy (cont’d)
– Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing
(EMDR): controversial therapy for
posttraumatic stress disorder and similar
anxiety problems in which the client is
directed to move the eyes rapidly back and
forth while thinking of a disturbing memory
 needs more controlled studies
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Therapy and Operant Conditioning
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Modeling: learning through the observation
and imitation of others
– participant modeling: technique in which a
model demonstrates the desired behavior in a
step-by-step, gradual process while the client
is encouraged to imitate the model
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Therapy and Operant Conditioning
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Reinforcement: the strengthening of a
response by following it with a pleasurable
consequence or the removal of an
unpleasant stimulus
– Token economy: the use of tokens to
reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be
accumulated and exchanged for desired items
or privileges
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Therapy and Operant Conditioning
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Reinforcement (cont’d)
– contingency contract: a formal, written
agreement between the therapist and client
(or teacher and student) in which goals for
behavioral change, reinforcements, and
penalties are clearly stated
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Behavioral Therapy and Operant Conditioning
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Extinction: the removal of a reinforcer to
reduce the frequency of a behavior
– time-out: an extinction process in which a
person (usually a child) is removed from the
situation that provides reinforcement for
undesirable behavior, usually by being placed
in a quiet corner or room away from possible
attention and reinforcement opportunities
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effectiveness of Behavioral Therapy
LO 14.4 Behavior Therapists’ Use of Classical and Operant Conditioning
AP: Major Treatment Orientations/Evaluate Various Approaches to Explaining Psychological Disorders
• Behavior therapies can be effective in
treating specific problems, such as
bedwetting, drug addictions, and phobias
• Behavior therapies can also help improve
some of the more troubling behavioral
symptoms associated with more severe
disorders
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cognitive Therapy
LO 14.5 Goals of Cognitive Therapies
AP: Major Treatment Orientations/Identify Major Figures
• Cognitive therapy: therapy in which the
focus is on helping clients recognize
distortions in their thinking and replace
distorted, unrealistic beliefs with more
realistic, helpful thoughts
– Developed by Aaron T. Beck
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cognitive Therapy
LO 14.5 Goals of Cognitive Therapies
AP: Major Treatment Orientations/Identify Major Figures
• Cognitive distortions:
– arbitrary inference: drawing a conclusion
without any evidence
– selective thinking: focusing on only one
aspect of a situation while ignoring all other
relevant aspects
– overgeneralization: drawing sweeping
conclusions based on only one incident or
event and applying those conclusions to
events that are unrelated to the original
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cognitive Therapy
LO 14.5 Goals of Cognitive Therapies
AP: Major Treatment Orientations/Identify Major Figures
• Cognitive distortions (cont’d):
– magnification and minimization: blowing a
negative event out of proportion
(magnification) while ignoring relevant positive
events (minimization)
– personalization: taking responsibility or blame
for events that are unconnected to the person
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
LO 14.5 Goals of Cognitive Therapies
AP: Major Treatment Orientations/Identify Major Figures
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): action
therapy in which the goal is to help clients
overcome problems by learning to think
more rationally and logically
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
LO 14.5 Goals of Cognitive Therapies
AP: Major Treatment Orientations/Identify Major Figures
• Three goals:
1. Relieve the symptoms and solve the
problems.
2. Help develop strategies for solving future
problems.
3. Help change irrational, distorted thinking.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Rational Emotive Therapy
LO 14.5 Goals of Cognitive Therapies
AP: Major Treatment Orientations/Identify Major Figures
• Rational emotive behavior therapy
(REBT): cognitive-behavioral therapy in
which clients are directly challenged in
their irrational beliefs and helped to
restructure their thinking into more rational
belief statements
– Proposed by Albert Ellis
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Success of CBT
LO 14.5 Goals of Cognitive Therapies
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
Evaluate Various Approaches to Explaining Psychological Disorders
• CBT has seemed successful in treating
depression, stress disorders, and anxiety.
• CBT has been criticized for focusing on
the symptoms, not the causes, of
disordered behavior.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Group Therapy
LO 14.6 Types of Group Therapy
AP: Compare Treatment Formats
• Family counseling (family therapy): family
members meet together with a counselor
or therapist to resolve problems that affect
the entire family
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Group Therapy
LO 14.6 Types of Group Therapy
AP: Compare Treatment Formats
• Self-help group (support group): a group
composed of people who have similar
problems and who meet together without a
therapist or counselor for the purpose of
discussion, problem solving, and social
and emotional support
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
When Is Group Therapy Useful?
LO 14.6 Types of Group Therapy
AP: Compare Treatment Formats
Effectiveness of Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
• Group therapy is most useful to persons
who:
– cannot afford individual therapy
– may obtain a great deal of social and
emotional support from other group members
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Group Therapy
LO 14.6 Types of Group Therapy
AP: Compare Treatment Formats/
Effectiveness of Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
• Advantages:
– low cost
– exposure to other people with similar
problems; social interaction with others
– social and emotional support from people with
similar disorders or problems
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Group Therapy
LO 14.6 Types of Group Therapy
AP: Compare Treatment Formats/
Effectiveness of Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
• Disadvantages:
– need to share the therapist’s time with others
in the group
– lack of a private setting in which to reveal
concerns
– inability of people with severe disorders to
tolerate being in a group
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
LO 14.7 The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
AP: Effectiveness of Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
• Psychotherapy is more effective than no
treatment at all
• Between 75 and 90 percent of people who
receive therapy feel it has helped them
– the longer a person stays in therapy, the
greater the improvement
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
LO 14.7 The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
AP: Effectiveness of Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
• Some types of psychotherapy are more
effective for certain types of problems, and
no one psychotherapy method is effective
for all problems
– effective therapy should be matched to the
particular client and the particular problem
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
LO 14.7 The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
AP: Effectiveness of Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
• Common factors approach: modern
approach to eclecticism focusing on
factors seen as the source of success
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
LO 14.7 The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
AP: Effectiveness of Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
• Common factors approach
– therapeutic alliance: the relationship between
therapist and client that develops as a warm,
caring, accepting relationship characterized
by empathy, mutual respect, and
understanding
– protected setting
– opportunity for catharsis
– learning and practice of new behaviors
– positive experiences for the client
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
LO 14.7 The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
AP: Effectiveness of Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
• Evidence-based treatment (EBT) refers to
techniques or interventions that have
produced desired outcomes, or
therapeutic change in controlled studies
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Mental Health on Campus
LO 14.7 The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
AP: Strategies for Resilience and Competence
• Campus life is often very stressful
• Many students arrive on campus already
in therapy for a diagnosed disorder
– Students should:
 make use of the available resources on college
campuses
 counseling centers
 exercise, eat well, get enough sleep and relaxation
time
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture and Psychotherapy
LO 14.7 The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
AP: How Culture Influences Treatment/Identify Major Figures
• When the cultures, ethnic groups, or genders of
the therapist and the client differs,
misunderstandings and misinterpretations can
occur (e.g. Jones et al., 1987)
• Four barriers to effective psychotherapy exist
when culture the backgrounds of client and
therapist differ (Sue & Sue, 2008):
1.
2.
3.
4.
culture-bound values
class-bound values
language
nonverbal communication
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cybertherapy
LO 14.7 The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
AP: Effectiveness of Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
• Cybertherapy: psychotherapy that is
offered on the Internet
– also called online, Internet, or Web therapy or
counseling
– offers the advantages of anonymity and
therapy for people who cannot otherwise get
to a therapist
– but you can’t be sure of the cybertherapist’s
credentials, and there are no vocal/body cues
for assessing emotions
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drug Treatments
LO 14.8 Types of Drugs Used to Treat Psychological Disorders
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Biomedical therapies: therapies that
directly affect the biological functioning of
the body and brain
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drug Treatments
LO 14.8 Types of Drugs Used to Treat Psychological Disorders
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Psychopharmacology: the use of drugs to
control or relieve the symptoms of
psychological disorders
– antipsychotic drugs: used to treat psychotic
symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations,
and other bizarre behavior
– antianxiety drugs: used to treat and calm
anxiety reactions
 typically minor tranquilizers
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Drug Treatments
LO 14.8 Types of Drugs Used to Treat Psychological Disorders
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Psychopharmacology (cont’d)
– mood-stabilizing drugs: used to treat bipolar
disorder
 include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs
– antidepressant drugs: used to treat
depression and anxiety
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electroconvulsive Therapy
LO 14.9 Electroconvulsive Therapy and Psychosurgery
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):
biomedical treatment in which electrodes
are placed on either one or both sides of a
person’s head and an electric current
strong enough to cause a seizure or
convulsion is passed through the
electrodes
– still used to treat severe depression
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychosurgery
LO 14.9 Electroconvulsive Therapy and Psychosurgery
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Psychosurgery: surgery performed on
brain tissue to relieve or control severe
psychological disorders
– prefrontal lobotomy: the connections of the
prefrontal lobes of the brain to the rear
portions are severed
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychosurgery
LO 14.9 Electroconvulsive Therapy and Psychosurgery
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Psychosurgery (cont’d)
– Bilateral anterior cingulotomy: an electrode
wire is inserted into the anterior cingulated
gyrus area of the brain for the purpose of
destroying that area of brain tissue with an
electric current
 electrode is inserted with the guidance of a
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychosurgery
LO 14.9 Electroconvulsive Therapy and Psychosurgery
AP: Major Treatment Orientations
• Emerging techniques
– repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
(rTMS): magnetic pulses are applied to the
cortex
– transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS):
uses scalp electrodes to pass very low
amplitude direct currents to the brain
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Virtual Reality
LO 14.10 How Might Computers Be Used in Psychotherapy?
• Virtual reality is a software-generated
three-dimensional simulated environment
with can be used in the treatment of PTSD
– like playing a video game
– particularly useful as a delivery system for
exposure therapy
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.