Transcript Behavioral Ecological Modelx

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk
Discussion: What is one major implication of
the strict behaviorist perspective for the TTI?
THE THEORY OF TRIADIC INFLUENCE
Levels of
Causation
Intrapersonal Stream
Biological/Nature
BIOLOGY/
PERSONALITY
Ultimate
Causes
1
Social/
Personal
Nexus
2
Sense of
Self/Control
Distal
Influences
7
13
8
h
Skills:
Social+General
14
Cultural/Attitudinal Stream
Nurture/Cultural
SOCIAL
SITUATION
3
a
b
Social
Competence
g
Self
Determination
Expectancies
& Evaluations
c
Others’
Beh & Atts
9
i
k
j
l m
d
e
n
16
o
6
Interactions w/
Social Instit’s
p
Perceived
Norms
15
5
f
10
Motivation
to Comply
s
CULTURAL
ENVIRONMENT
4
Interpersonal
Bonding
11
q
Values/
Evaluations
x
Information/
Opportunities
12
r
Knowledge/
Expectancies
17
18
Strict behaviorists do not
believe
inv thoughts and wfeelings
u
ATTITUDES
SOCIAL
SELF-EFFICACY t
BEHAVIORAL
CONTROL
Affect and
Cognitions
Proximal
Predictors
Decisions
Social/Normative Stream
19
A
B
C
TOWARD THE
BEHAVIOR
NORMATIVE
BELIEFS
20
21
DECISIONS/INTENTIONS
D E
F
I
22
H
G
Trial Behavior
EXPERIENCES: Expectancies -- Social Reinforcements -- Psychological/Physiological
Experiences
23
J
K
Related Behaviors
2
Thanks to Jill Hoxmeier for some of these slides
“Reduction and prevention of morbidity and mortality in populations in a
public health goal that can be achieved only by behavior change.”
(Hovell, Wahlgren & Adams, 2009)
» A Need for New Model of Health Behavior
˃ Current approaches have limited success
˃ In part due to theory, and in part due to focus on individual
˃ Approaches need to be population-focused
Which HRB are you going to change?
» The Behavioral Ecological Model (BEM)
˃ Links behavioral to biological sciences: Foundation for behavior and learning
˃ Emphasis on ecological principles of selection of behaviors by consequences
˃ At individual level and group/culture level
» Mentalism vs. Contextualism
˃ Friend who orders the salad / low-fat dressing…
˃ What do we assume to the cause?
˃ What could be the contextual cause?
“Behavioral principles describe the relations between behavior and
environment that account for the acquisition and maintenance of learned
behavior.” – Glenn, 2004
(Hovell, Wahlgren & Adams, 2009)
Social/Cultural
Outside the Skin
Community
Local
Individual
Level
Within the Skin
Context
Behavior
Consequences
Determine
Likeliness of
Specific
Behavior
Learning
History
Physiology
Anatomy
Genome
(Hovell, Wahlgren & Adams, 2009)
» Natural Selection
˃ Genetic variants such as reflexes and ability to learn
» Operant Selection & Conditioning
˃ Reinforcements / Consequences select for operant behavior
˃ Rush-hour traffic and selecting for commute time
» Cultural Selection (Meta-Contingencies)
˃ Practices select for behavior from contingencies of culture
˃ What defines a “culture”?
» Unlearned and Learned Reinforcers
˃ Innate vs. Acquired
˃ Conditional reinforcers can become extremely powerful if paired with multiple
established reinforcers
+ Can we use money to reinforce or punish for certain HRB?
(Hovell, Wahlgren & Adams, 2009)
» Group Contingencies
˃ Monitor and modify through group “culture” rules: bike vs. climb community
» Cultural Practices
˃ Repetition of learned behavior; Interlocking patterns of behavior
» Metacontingencies vs. Macrocontingencies?
˃ Aggregate product of group behavior… not interlocked at Macro-level
Weight-Loss Support Groups vs.
Nation-wide Weight-loss Media Campaign
» Does…
˃ Higher gas prices + higher food prices (because of gas prices) = less
driving, more walking, and growing your own food?
» Social Learning vs. Individual Learning
˃ All learning is individual learning
˃ Learning comprises the events... an individual organism relating to
environmental events
˃ The social content in the contingencies that support most of the learning
accomplished by humans is a defining feature of cultures
(Glenn, 2004)
“Unintended and culturally damaging results of ongoing human
behavior are first identified, then bemoaned, and sometimes, finally
dealt with… But can they be dealt with fast enough to ensure
survival?” (Glenn, 2004)
» Examples of culturally damaging results of human behavior?
» Warning signs of predictive delayed impact?
» Responsible “subcultures”?
The more widespread a practice, the greater its cumulative effects;
the greater the cumulative effects, the more important they are to
the well-being of large numbers of people.” (Glenn, 2004)
» Question for the class:
˃ What is the meta-contingency context in which the HRB exists?
» Purpose: assess determinants of early WIC participation
in NC county.
» Measurement: Likert-type questionnaire to assess
intrapersonal, interpersonal, organization/system, and
community/cultural contingencies
» Result: barriers at all levels influence WIC participation
» Recommendations: BEC framework to account the
personal, cultural, and environmental influences that
promote the adoption of positive HRB
Measurement: 42 item survey using _____ to assess the
following. With a partner, develop one survey item for each
individual level contingency.
» Individual Level Contingencies:
˃
˃
˃
˃
˃
Perceived threat
Perceived benefits
Perceived barriers
Self-efficacy
Cues to action
» Does this sound
familiar?
» Individual Level Contingencies: Perceived Threat
˃ I believe a pregnant woman can feel sick if she does not eat right
˃ I believe a baby may be born with health problems if its mother does not eat well
during pregnancy
˃ I believe a newborn baby could get sick if it is not properly fed
» Individual Level Contingencies: Perceived Benefits
˃ WIC helps me to eat better
˃ My baby benefits from WIC
˃ I believe I am healthier because I eat WIC foods
» Individual Level Contingencies: Perceived Barriers
˃ I don’t like to use the food vouchers WIC provides
» Individual Level Contingencies: Self-Efficacy
˃ Changing the foods I eat was hard to do
˃ Changing the foods my children eat was hard to do
» Individual Level Contingencies: Cues to Action
˃ Have you used WIC during previous pregnancies?
˃ I heard about WIC through (friend, family, neighbor, church, health dept., hospital)
» Local Network: Family, Friends, and Co-Workers
˃ My friends and family have used WIC services
˃ I heard about WIC through (friend, family, neighbor, church, health dept., hospital)
» Community Contingencies: Policies/Cultural Competency
˃ The people on the WIC staff are helpful
˃ I believe the people at WIC respect me
˃ It was hard to get on WIC
» Social Contingencies: Normative Beliefs, Laws, Policies
˃ It is hard to get on WIC because I have transportation problems
As a class, what are some strategies we can develop to
address the barriers found by the BEC survey?
» Local Network: Family, Friends, and Co-Workers
» Community Contingencies: Policies/Cultural Competency
» Social Contingencies: Normative Beliefs, Laws, Policies
» Local Network: Family, Friends, and Co-Workers
˃ Increase awareness of WIC program
˃ Increase awareness of WIC among social networks
˃ Provide incentives for referral
» Community Contingencies: Policies/Cultural Competency
˃
˃
˃
˃
Increase helpfulness of staff
Increase ease of entering program
Increase hours of operation
Decrease length of time in between client contact and first appointment
» Social Contingencies: Normative Beliefs, Laws, Policies
˃ Increase awareness of WIC program to all associations, coalitions, formal and information
leaders
˃ Increase awareness of WIV benefits
˃ Provide incentives to refer target population to WIC
˃ Develop culturally appropriate social marketing plans which markets WIC benefits of WIC to
ethnically divers sub populations
˃ Implement a culturally appropriate social marketing plans which market WIC benefits of WIC to
ethnically diverse populations