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Memory and Learning
Types of learning
Types of memory
Neural basis of learning and memory
Learning – changes future behavior.
Memory - ability to remember the past.
LEARNING
MEMORY
Learning
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s dogs
Learning
Classical Conditioning
Baby “Albert” (~1920)
Noise
Albert
Rat
Learning
Operant Conditioning
Memory
Sensory Memory
(<2 sec)
STM
(<1 min)
LTM
(years!)
needs rehearsal
Types of LTM
Declarative Memory
(explicit)
1+1=2
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Non-declarative
(implicit)
In humans, the hippocampus is
critical for the formation of explicit
memories.
Hippocampus
Amgdala
Temporal lobe
Memory
Memory stored in multiple
locations in the brain:
•
•
•
•
•
•
medial temporal lobe (facts/events)
striatum (skills and habits)
neocortex (sensory)
amygdala (emotional memories)
cerebellum (simple association learning)
brain stem/spinal cord (simple learning)
Studying Memory
Aplysia californica (Eric Kandel; Nobel Prize in 2000)
• 10,000 neurons in nervous system; can learn
• Large neurons located in ganglia; control behavior (withdrawal; sensitization)
Studying Memory
STM: short term biochemical changes
that lead to larger PSP (“stronger
connection between neurons”).
Changes are NOT permanent.
LTM: changes in protein synthesis and gene regulation
involves structural modifications: increased branches;
more synapses
Studying Memory
Hippocampus
PET brain scan during an object location test.
(from A. M. Owen, et al., J. Cog. Neurosci. 8:6, 588-602, 1996.)
Studying Memory
• As a teenager H.M. suffered from epilepsy.
• At the age of 27, in 1953,
he had a bilateral
removal of his temporal
lobes, including the
hippocampus and
amygdala, to treat his
epilepsy.
Studying Memory
Patient HM
Normal
Hippocampus
?
Patient HM= Henry G. Molaison
After surgery, HM was never able to form new memories, but old memories fine.
Consolidation vs storage?
http://thebrainobservatory.ucsd.edu/
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative
disease that causes memory loss and other intellectual
deficits.
Auguste D.
Dr. Alois Alzheimer
1906
Alzheimer’s Disease causes atrophy
of the hippocampus and cortex
Healthy
AD
Hippocampus; entorhinal cortex; perirhinal cortex
Courtesy of Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center
What are the similarities and differences
between Auguste D. and H.M.?
Auguste D.
H.M.
Memory
List 1: read, pages, letters, teacher, school, study, read, stories,
sheets, cover, pen, pencil, learn, paper, words
List 2: house, pencil, apple, shoe, book, flag, rock, train, ocean,
hill, music, water, glass, school
"book" on list 1? Only pencil and school were on list 1.
List 1: sheets, pillow, mattress, blanket, comfortable, room,
dream, lay, chair, rest, tired, night, dark, time
List 2: door, tree, eye, song, pillow, juice, orange, radio, rain, car,
sleep, cat, dream, eat
"sleep" was on list 1? Only pillow and dream were on list 1.
Memory
Memory
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Memory
“Chunking”
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19882012
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or
84
623 (5 or 2)
1988 2012 (8 or 2)
Memory
Memory
Conversion of short-term memory to
long-term memory requires rehearsal
Consolidation
Information
Short-term
Memory
Long-term
Memory
Rehearsal
Memory
Association
Memory
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Memory
snake - apple - arrow - baby - bird - book - butterfly - car
- corn - flower - hammer - house - money - microscope ocean - pencil - rock - shoes - table - window
anger - belief - boredom - chance - concept - effort - fate
- freedom - glory - happiness - honor - hope - idea interest - knowledge - mercy - mood - moral - theory truth
ator - botam - crov - difim - firap - glimoc - ricul- hilnim jolib - kepwin - leptav - lumal - mib - natpem - peyrim rispaw - stiwin - tubiv - vopec - yapib
Memory
Spatial Memory
LONDON
Spatial Memory
MRI
Maguire, EA et al. PNAS
2000;97:4398-4403
Spatial Memory