Transcript Physiology, Ecology Review

Physiology and Ecology Review
Nervous System
Q1: Which of the following offers the
best description of neural transmission
across a mammalian synaptic gap?
(A) Neural impulses involve the flow of K+ and Na+ across the
gap.
(B) Neural impulses travel across the gap as electrical currents.
(C) Neural impulses cause the release of chemicals that diffuse
across the gap.
(D) Neural impulses travel across the gap in both directions.
(E) The calcium within the axons and dendrites of nerves
adjacent to a synapse acts as the neurotransmitter.
Which of the following offers the best
description of neural transmission
across a mammalian synaptic gap?
(A) Neural impulses involve the flow of K+ and Na+ across the
gap.
(B) Neural impulses travel across the gap as electrical currents.
(C) Neural impulses cause the release of chemicals that diffuse
across the gap.
(D) Neural impulses travel across the gap in both directions.
(E) The calcium within the axons and dendrites of nerves
adjacent to a synapse acts as the neurotransmitter.
Q2: Which of the following is the
correct sequence of events in an
action potential after stimulation of a
neuron?
A K+ moves in; Na+ moves out
B Na+ moves in; K+ moves out
C Na+ moves in; Ca++ moves out
D Na+ moves in; Cl- moves out
E K+ moves in; organic anions move out
Which of the following is the correct
sequence of events in an action
potential after stimulation of a
neuron?
A K+ moves in; Na+ moves out
B Na+ moves in; K+ moves out
C Na+ moves in; Ca++ moves out
D Na+ moves in; Cl- moves out
E K+ moves in; organic anions move out
Q3: All of the following statements about
neurotransmitters are generally true EXCEPT:
A They may cause depolarization or
hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
B They are actively transported across the synaptic
cleft
C They are released from membrane-bound packets
called vesicles
D They may be enzymatically degraded at the
postsynaptic membrane
E They bind to specific receptors on the
postsynaptic membrane.
All of the following statements about
neurotransmitters are generally true EXCEPT:
A They may cause depolarization or
hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane
B They are actively transported across the synaptic
cleft
C They are released from membrane-bound packets
called vesicles
D They may be enzymatically degraded at the
postsynaptic membrane
E They bind to specific receptors on the
postsynaptic membrane.
Immune System
Features of Exchange Surfaces?
1. Large surface area, often folded
2. Thin barrier to reduce diffusion distance
3. Fresh supply of required molecules on one
side to keep concentration high
-Removal of required molecules on other side
to keep concentration low
-(maintains concentration gradient)
Vertebrate circulatory systems
AMPHIBIANS
REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS)
MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Lung and skin capillaries
Lung capillaries
Lung capillaries
FISHES
Gill capillaries
Artery
Pulmocutaneous
circuit
Gill
circulation
Heart:
ventricle (V)
A
Atrium (A)
Systemic
Vein circulation
Systemic capillaries
Right
systemic
aorta
Pulmonary
circuit
A
A
V
Right
V
Left
Right
Systemic
circuit
Systemic capillaries
Figure 42.4
Pulmonary
circuit
Left
Systemic
V aorta
Left
A
Systemic capillaries
A
V
Right
A
V
Left
Systemic
circuit
Systemic capillaries
Q4:The function of which of the following
structures is NOT directly related to
diffusion or active transport across its
membrane?
(A)Aorta
(B)Small intestine
(C)Nephron tubule
(D)Capillary
(E)Alveolus
The function of which of the following
structures is NOT directly related to
diffusion or active transport across its
membrane?
A Aorta
B Small intestine
C Nepheron tubule
D Capillary
E Alveolus
Q5: In mammals, a decrease in body temperature
results in which of the following responses?
A Release of thyroxine decreases the rate of
metabolism
B Blood vessels close to the surface of the skin
constrict
C Increased secretion of epinephrine restricts the
amount of sugar released into the circulatory system
D The adrenal glands increase the release of
acetylcholine into the circulatory system
E Blood vessels in deep muscles constrict so that heat
is conserved
In mammals, a decrease in body temperature results
in which of the following responses?
A Release of thyroxine decreases the rate of
metabolism
B Blood vessels close to the surface of the skin
constrict
C Increased secretion of epinephrine restricts the
amount of sugar released into the circulatory system
D The adrenal glands increase the release of
acetylcholine into the circulatory system
E Blood vessels in deep muscles constrict so that heat
is conserved
Digestive
Excretory System and Nephron
Maintaining homeostasis
hormone 1
lowers
body condition
gland
high
specific body condition
low
raises
body condition
gland
hormone 2
Negative Feedback
Model
Homeostasis of Blood Glucose
Positive Feedback
• AMPLIFICATION
positive feedback
Birth
Positive Feedback in
Plants
• Ripening Fruit—hormone ethylene
• One of the coolest things about ethylene is that it is
released in a positive feedback loop: a little bit of
ethylene causes more to be released, which causes
even more to be released, and so on.
• A benefit of this fact is that you can take an unripe
fruit (a pear, plum, or peach, for example) and put it
in a paper bag with riper fruit (bananas work well for
this) and ethylene will accumulate, making the
unripe fruit soft and sweet.
Q6: Which of the following hormones is
directly responsible for positive feedback
loop during labor?
A Melatonin
B Oxytocin
C Progesterone
D Prolactin
E FSH
Which of the following hormones is
directly responsible for the maintenance
of the uterine lining during pregnancy in
mammals?
A Melatonin
B Oxytocin
C Progesterone
D Prolactin
E FSH
Ecology
Level Population
4
4
3
360
2
780
1
5,782
Question 7: In a simple ecosystem, a census of the populations in four successive
trophic levels was taken as shown above. If level 1 is composed of photosynthetic
autotrophs, then the trophic level with 780 individuals will most likely represent:
A. Primary consumers
B. Secondary consumer
C. Tertiary consumers
D. Decomposers
E. Producers
Level Population
4
4
3
360
2
780
1
5,782
In a simple ecosystem, a census of the populations in four successive trophic levels was
taken as shown above. If level 1 is composed of photosynthetic autotrophs, then the
trophic level with 780 individuals will most likely represent:
A. Primary consumers
B. Secondary consumer
C. Tertiary consumers
D. Decomposers
E. Producers
Predator-Prey Relationship
R vs. K survivorship curves
Question 8: In the process of
succession, which of the following is
true of K-selected plant species?
A. They keep their carrying capacity at a minimum level.
B. They usually reproduce early in life.
C. They are usually found in climax stages of succession.
D. There are the dominant species in early stages of
succession.
E. They have a short lifespan.
In the process of succession, which of
the following is true of K-selected
plant species?
A. They keep their carrying capacity at a minimum level.
B. They usually reproduce early in life.
C. They are usually found in climax stages of succession.
D. The are the dominant species in early stages of
succession.
E. They have a short lifespan.
Fixed Action Patterns
• A fixed action pattern (FAP)
– Is a sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that
is unchangeable
– Once initiated, is usually carried to completion
• A FAP is triggered by an external sensory
stimulus
– Known as a sign stimulus
(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red
Figure 51.3a
• When presented with unrealistic models
– As long as some red is present, the attack
behavior occurs
(b) The realistic model at the top, without a red underside, produces no
aggressive response in a male three-spined stickleback fish. The
other models, with red undersides, produce strong responses.
Figure 51.3b
Imprinting
• Imprinting is a type of behavior
– That includes both learning and innate
components and is generally irreversible
Imprinting is distinguished from other types of learning by
a sensitive period
A limited phase in an animal’s development that is the
only time when certain behaviors can be learned
An example of imprinting is young geese
Following their mother
• Operant conditioning is a form of psychological
learning where an individual modifies the occurrence
and form of its own behavior due to the association
of the behavior with a stimulus.
• Operant conditioning is distinguished from
classical conditioning (also called
respondent conditioning) in that operant
conditioning deals with the modification of
"voluntary behavior" or operant behavior
Question 9: If young male zebra finches are raised
by foster parents of another species, the
Bengalese finch, they will court female Bengalese
finch instead of females of their own species. This
behavior results from which of the following?
A. Imprinting
B. Habituation
C. Conditioning
D. Reinforcement
E. Pheromones
Question 9: If young male zebra finches are raised
by foster parents of another species, the
Bengalese finch, they will court female Bengalese
finch instead of females of their own species. This
behavior results from which of the following?
A. Imprinting
B. Habituation
C. Conditioning
D. Reinforcement
E. Pheromones
Question 10: All of the following
statements concerning characteristics
of predator-prey relationships are
correct EXCEPT:
A. A rise in the population of prey is often followed by a rise in the
population of predators.
B. A rise in the population of predators is followed by a decrease in the
population of prey.
C. Camouflage is an adaptation that protects prey.
D. The production of large number of offspring within very short
periods of time ensures the survival of some prey populations
E. The population of predators most often eliminates the population of
prey.
All of the following statements
concerning characteristics of predatorprey relationships are correct EXCEPT:
A. A rise in the population of prey is often followed by a rise in the
population of predators.
B. A rise in the population of predators is followed by a decrease in the
population of prey.
C. Camouflage is an adaptation that protects prey.
D. The production of large number of offspring within very short
periods of time ensures the survival of some prey populations
E. The population of predators most often eliminates the population
of prey.