Transcript logistic population growth

Water World
Ocean Zones
Coral Reef
Tubeworms
Freshwater Biome Zones
Eutrophic Lake
Oligotrophic Lake
Rivers & Streams
Wetlands
Estuary
Rachel Carson
• Silent Spring
• 1962 DDT
Biogeography
Geographic Range
Wide Geographic Range
Dispersal-Actual-Potential Range
Introduced Species
“Africanized Bees/Zebra Mussels
Predator-Prey Relationships
Biomes:Temperature-Precipitation
Biome Distribution
Biome?
Biome?
Biome?
Biome?
Biome?
Biome?
Biome?
Biome?
Climate Lighting
The Seasons: Axis
Global Wind Patterns
Rain-shadow Affect
Upwelling
Climate Change
Dam Distribution
Ethology
Behavior-Nature vs. Nurture?
FAP: Fixed Action Pattern
Behavioral Ecology
Song Bird Variation
Fitness in Mating
Cost-Benefit Foraging Analysis
Learned Performance Behavior
Maturation, Habituation
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz
Sensitive Period
Open-ended Learning
Associative Learning, Classical
Conditioning, Operant Conditioning
Play
Cognition
Kinesis, Taxis, Cognitive Maps
Migration
Piloting, Orientation, Navigation
Conciousness
Are animals “aware” of
themselves?
Competition
Antagonist Behavior
Reconciliation Behavior
Territorial Behavior
Marking Territory
Courtship Behavior
Promiscuous, Monogamy,Polygamous,Polyandry
Pheromones
Bee Dances
Round vs. Waggle
Altruism
Decrease in individual Fitness, Increase in Group
Inclusive Fitness
Hamilton’s Rule of Kin Selection: The rule is as follows:
rB > C
The more closely related two individuals are, the greater the value of
altruism.
Sociobiology
Population
Clumped Disperion
Uniform
Random-Independent
Demography, Life Table, Cohort
Surviorship Curves
I: Low Death Early
II: Equal
III. High Death Early
Semelparity-Big Bang
Iteroparity-Constant
Mortality Rates-Reproduction
Population Change
• Using mathematical notation we can
express this relationship as follows:
– If N represents population size, and t
represents time, then N is the change
is population size and t represents the
change in time, then:
• N/t = B-D
• Where B is the number of births and D is
the number of deaths
Population Change
– We can simplify the equation and use r to
represent the difference in per capita birth and
death rates.
• N/t = rN OR dN/dt = rN
– If B = D then there is zero population growth
(ZPG).
– Under ideal conditions, a population grows
rapidly.
• Exponential population growth is said to be happening
• Under these conditions, we may assume the maximum
growth rate for the population (rmax) to give us the following
exponential growth
• dN/dt = rmaxN
Exponential Growth
Logistic Growth
• Typically, unlimited resources are rare.
– Population growth is therefore regulated by
carrying capacity (K), which is the maximum
stable population size a particular
environment can support.
Logistic Growth
• The logistic growth equation
– We can modify our model of population
growth to incorporate changes in growth
rate as population size reaches a
carrying capacity.
– The logistic population growth model
incorporates the effect of population
density on the rate of increase.
Carrying Capacity
Growth Curves
Logistic Growth
K-R Life Histories
– In K-selection, organisms live and reproduce
around K, and are sensitive to population
density.
• In r-selection, organisms exhibit high rates of
reproduction and occur in variable environments in
which population densities fluctuate well below K.
Density DependenceIndependence
Resource Limitations-Reproduction
Rates
Interspecific Relationships
Demographic Transition
The Plague
Age Structure
Human Population
• Predictions of the human population vary
from 7.3 to 10.7 billion people by the year
2050.
– Will the earth be overpopulated by this
time?
Ecological Footprint
• Six types of ecologically productive areas are
distinguished in calculating the ecological
footprint:
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Land suitable for crops.
Pasture.
Forest.
Ocean.
Built-up land.
Fossil energy land.
Ecological Footprint
Competitive Exclusion Principle
Resource Partitioning
Character Displacement-Sympatric
Species
Cryptic Coloration
Aposematic Coloration
“Warning”
Batesian Mimicry
Harmless Depicts Harmful
Mullerian Mimicry
Resemblance
Trophic Structure
Food Webs
Biomass-Keystone Species
Phosphorus Cycle
Succession
Secondary Succession
Secondary Succession