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Learning Theories
Behaviorism and Congitvism are two learning theories that impacted
the concept of learning. Through this two theories we were able to
understand the development of learning and how it takes place. Two
of the most influential theorist that brought about the interest in
human learning were psychologist, Ivan Pavlov and psychologist,
Jean Piaget.
Through their principles and theories, we have developed an
understanding of how learning takes place. Their ideas and concepts
have brought about great interest in the field of science, primarily ,in
psychology, and more importantly ,in the field of adult education.
Learning Theories
Behaviorism Theory
Behaviorism is a theory of animal and human learning that only
focuses on objectively observable behaviors.(F,1)
Through this theory experiments , behaviorist identified
CONDITIONING as a universal learning process. (F,1)
It is based on, primarily, on reflexive behavior exposed to certain
stimuli. This theory concentrates more on the reaction factor of
learner adapting to the environment more than accounting for any
mental process of information.
Learning Theories
There are two different types of conditioning; Classic conditioning and
Operant conditioning.
1.Classic conditioning - occurs when a natural reflex responds to a
stimulus.
2. Behavioral or Operant conditioning- occurs when a response to a
stimulus is reinforced.
The best known work in classical conditioning , was Pavlov’s famous
experiment that involved food, a dog, and a bell.(F,1)
Learning Theories
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
(September 14, 1849 – February 27, 1936) Ryazan, Russia. Fields in Physiologist,
psychologist, and physician. Known for Classical Conditioning and Behavior
Modification. Nobel Prize in Physiology (1904).(M,2)
Learning Theories
The famous “Dog-Salivation-Experiment” by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
where he conducted observations on dogs to salivate at the sound of
a bell after placing it next to the dog’s food. He then introduce light at
the same time and condition the dog to react to the light as well. This
experiment was later adapted by B.F. Skinner with pigeons –”Skinner
Box” where experiment where also tried animals to determine the
factor behind conditioning the environment. His theory is based on
the believe that animals and humans are biologically wired to respond
to stimulus automatically.(F,1)
The following is a visual description on of Pavlov’s Experiment and the
process to he used to conditioned end the result.
Learning Theories
Pavlov’s Experiment
• Unconditioned
Stimulus
• Conditioned
Stimulus
• Unconditioned
Response
(natural, not
learned)
Food
Salivation
Bell
Salivation
• Conditioned
Response (to
the bell)
(U,3)
Pavlov conducted, perhaps, the most famous of all psychological
experiments (1927) when he showed that by pairing a conditioned
stimulus (a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food), a dog would
begin to salivate (response) when the bell was rung without presenting
the food. (S,4)
(S,4)
Learning Theories
Cognitive Theory is based on the thought process behind the
behavior. Changes in behavior are observed, and used as indicator
as to what is happening inside the learner’s mind.
Key Concepts of Cognitive Theory
Schema: An internal knowledge structure. New information is
compared with information already presented .
Meaningful Effects: Information that has a useful meaning to the
learner is a lot easier to remember.
Mnemonic Effects: Ways to remember information easier, clues .(U,3)
Learning Theories
Jean Piaget
(1896-1980) Swiss biologist and psychologist is renowned for constructing a
highly influential model of child development and learning environment.
Motivated by his mother’s illness, decided to concentrate in the field of
psychology with emphasis in cognitive process and learning. By age 22 he
had received his Ph.D. in science from the University of Neuchatel.(M,2)
Learning Theories
Piaget’s theory is based on the idea that the developing child builds
cognitive structures–in other words, mental “maps,” schemes, or
networked concepts for understanding and responding to physical
experiences within his or her environment.
Piaget’s theory identifies four developmental stages and the
processes by children progress through them.
Cognitive Development Stages
Senorimotor
0-2
Reflex base, Coordinate reflexes
Preoperational
2-7
Self-oriented , Egocentric
Concrete
6 or 7
More than one view point, No
11 or 12 abstract problems
Formal Operational 11 or 12 Think abstractly,
up
Reason theoretically(M,3)
Learning Theories
Many of Piaget’s ideas and concepts are used today. We specifically
see the use of his theory in the early childhood educational setting.
His theory did not impact North America until the 1960’s (ID) and
from there his influence in the area of psychology came
about.(U,3)
Through his development of several new fields of science:
developmental psychology, cognitive theory , and epistemology
Piaget’s became the most remarkable leader in his kind.
With his interest in young children he helped found today’s
education-reform movements. Piaget’s theory is followed by many
classroom teachers ,around the world ,who share his way of
thought. His theory helped design learning around the child by
exposing them to different learning methods and styles.
Learning Theories
Like Piaget, Pavlov ‘s theory also had a great influence in aspects. He
help create interest in Behaviorism by other well known theorist
that used his concepts to develop their own experiments and look
closer into the theory. Such as B.F. Skinner and his “Skinner Box”
experiment with pigeons (F,1)
Piaget and Pavlov, both helped defined what is now known as the
most influential theory of thought in the field of psychology and
education. It is thru their study of human learning and behavior
development that helps us better understand the process of
instructional design and the concepts behind them.
Learning Theories
Conclusion
In reference to instructional design the Behaviorism helped determine
methods to alter and outcome. By modifying and predetermine
objectives, the learner has clear understanding what is expected of
them. But it also requires a cognitive process . The simple
conditioning can not help shape an outcome. Other factors come
in place. Skills, attitudes , analysis, and synthesizing information
that help us in the learning process. (U,3)
Many other learning theories have been develop ever since Piaget and
Pavlov , particularly in the field of Instructional Design. Two good
examples, are Bloom’s Cognitive taxonomy and Gagne’s Taxonomy
of Learning. This two method are widely used by many
instructional designers. (U,3)
Learning Theories
Cont.
After studying these two distinct prospective in human learning, it has
being my experience that no theory is right or wrong. It is a
combination of many strategies from one theory and from other
such as the Eclectic Approach.(U,3)
As a teacher, I use different methods that work in my classroom.
Adapting and modifying instruction based on the learning styles and
educational needs of my students.
Instructional designers must use different elements and take into
consideration the learners abilities and necessities to be successful
designers.
References
http://www.funderstanding.com/behaviorism.cfm.
http://www.muskingum.edu
http://www.usask.ca
http://www.skagitwatershed.org/~donclark/hrd/history/pavlov.html