Transcript Terrorism Theory - California State University, Bakersfield

Department of Criminal Justice
California State University - Bakersfield
CRJU 477
Terrorism Theory
Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali
Theoretical
Perspectives
Intro:
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Demonology
1.
2.
Supernatural forces
Religion and the role of Church
Classical School of Criminology
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Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham
Free will
Severity of punishment
The “cause” of crime
Bentham
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“utilitarianism” theory
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Views on pain and pleasure
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4 factors to be considered: duration, intensity,
certainty/uncertainty, propinquity or remoteness
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Today’s shift to focus on policies ands social
circumstances
The transition to the Positivist School of
Criminology
Going beyond free will
The Biological School: Cesare Lombroso
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Modern day perspectives
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME
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The environment?
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The micro vs. macro structure
The Chicago School
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Shaw and McKay
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Social disorganization
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deteriorated neighborhoods, economically
disadvantaged, weak social norms
Differential Association Theory
 Edwin
Sutherland (1883-1950)
 Association with others, but how does it take place?
Differential Association and Behaviorism
 Aker
borrowed from Sutherland and incorporated
behavior
 Operant conditioning
 Positive/negative reinforcement
 Modeling others
Strain Theory
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Robert Merton
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Influenced by Emile Durkheim
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Anomie and normlessness
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Merton (unequal access to attain goals in
society). SO WHAT?
5 modes of adaptation
Neutralization Theory
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Justification of behavior
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Sykes and Matza’s 5 techniques (denial)
The Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud
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Id, Ego, Superego
Critical Sociological Theories of Crime
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Addressing different issues of crime
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Critical Theory: social justice as a legitimate end
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Distribution of power in society
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How power reflect the role of the CJ system
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“conflict” or “radical”
Marxism
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
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Social Theorist: communism reflection
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Marx’s critique of capitalism and its impact on social
justice
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Argued (after studying capitalism system in Europe)
that owners of means of production paid workers
poorly and used government to pass laws that
prevented reform
One with econ power controlled system
Institutions (churches, schools, etc…) under control
of owner class
“false consciousness”
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Solution in response to “false consciousness”
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Social class and power in society; corporate versus
street crimes
GENDER AND JUSTICE
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Male versus female subjects
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Feminist movements in 1960s
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FEMINISM/FEMINIST views
Curran & Renzetti identify 3 ways crime can be
perceived from feminist views:
1. LIBERAL FEMINISM and criminology
 2 issues: 1) power for accomplishment versus gender
2) behavioral approaches among men and
women
 The opportunity for women to commit crime
2. RADICAL FEMINIST crim
 Sexism in a patriarchal society
 Are we addressing their concerns?
3. SOCIALIST FEM crim
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Social class and gender as a disadvantaged status
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Social control as a reason for deviance and violence
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Feminist perspective as a social movement
INTEGRATED T
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Bridging together different T and disciplines
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Possible research designs
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Social context within which crime exists