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Beginning of Part 3: Nurture © Kip Smith, 2003 Where we are in the syllabus Part 1: Psychology - the science of mind and behavior Part 2: Nature - how our evolutionary inheritance shapes behavior and brains and our capacity for language Part 3: Nurture - how our environment shapes mind and behavior © Kip Smith, 2003 Nurture How our environment shapes mind and behavior Environments: Family Society Culture Peer groups Etc. © Kip Smith, 2003 Topics in Part 3: Nurture Learning Classical conditioning Watson, Pavlov Skinner Child development Ecological psychology Jimmy and Eleanor Gibson Operant conditioning Social psychology Piaget Social perceptions and attitudes Social influences on behavior © Kip Smith, 2003 Peer pressure Personality Chapter 4 Learning © Kip Smith, 2003 For next time Do the PsychInquiry activity for Chapter 4 called Classically conditioned tastes Read Chapter 4 © Kip Smith, 2003 A Little History During the first half of the 20th century, psychology focused on overt behavior and was not concerned with what goes on inside the head The paradigm was called Behaviorism The focus of research was Learning © Kip Smith, 2003 Behaviorism (1913 - 1956...) The goal of psychology “is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods.” Watson, 1913 Psychology is “the science of observable behavior” Pavlov © Kip Smith, 2003 Questions to ponder What is Learning? Why Learn? © Kip Smith, 2003 Types of Learning Observational learning Associative learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning © Kip Smith, 2003 Observational Learning Child routinely observes gunplay and violence on TV Child feels angry, hostile, or insecure Child takes gun to school, kills teachers & classmates © Kip Smith, 2003 Associative learning Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning © Kip Smith, 2003 Operant (Skinnerian) conditioning Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning © Kip Smith, 2003 The behaviorist’s view of behavior Behavior Behavior Peck Peck time © Kip Smith, 2003 Reinforcer Behavior Reinforcer Behavior Peck Food Peck time © Kip Smith, 2003 Conditioning Behavior Conditioned Reinforcer Reinforcer Behavior Peck Tone Food Peck time © Kip Smith, 2003 Evidence of learning Behavior Conditioned Reinforcer Behavior Peck Tone Peck time © Kip Smith, 2003 Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Terms UnConditioned Stimulus = UCS UnConditioned Response = UCR Neutral Stimulus = NS Conditioned Stimulus = CS Conditioned Response = CR © Kip Smith, 2003 Pavlov’s Dogs 1 (Before Conditioning) UCS UCR Food Drool NS Bell © Kip Smith, 2003 Nothing Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Terms UnConditioned Stimulus = UCS UnConditioned Response = UCR Neutral Stimulus = NS Conditioned Stimulus = CS Conditioned Response = CR © Kip Smith, 2003 Pavlov’s Dogs 2 (During Conditioning) NS CS Tone + Tone CS BEFORE BEFORE Food!! UCS © Kip Smith, 2003 UCS UCR Food Drool Food Drool Pavlov’s Dogs 3 (After Conditioning) NS Tone Light Touch CS Tone Light Touch © Kip Smith, 2003 + UCS UCR Food Drool Food Drool CR Drool Chemotherapy Patients NS Nurse © Kip Smith, 2003 + UCS UCR Drug Nausea Drug Nausea CS CR Nurse Nausea Tirrell’s Kiss NS Onion breath+ CS Onion breath © Kip Smith, 2003 UCS UCR Kiss Arousal Kiss Arousal CR Arousal Little Albert (Watson & Rayner) NS Rat Bunny Dog © Kip Smith, 2003 + UCS UCR Noise Fear Noise Fear CS CR Rat Bunny Dog Fear Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Terms UnConditioned Stimulus = UCS UnConditioned Response = UCR Neutral Stimulus = NS Conditioned Stimulus = CS Conditioned Response = CR © Kip Smith, 2003 FYI: Classical Conditioning Terms Acquisition Extinction Removal of CS => Suppression of CR Spontaneous Recovery Initial learning Reappearance of a weakened CR Generalization Discrimination © Kip Smith, 2003 Operant (Skinnerian) Conditioning © Kip Smith, 2003 Operant (Skinnerian) Conditioning Associating behavior with its consequence shapes subsequent behavior Behavior Consequence Reinforcers © Kip Smith, 2003 Two types of Reinforcers Reward Punishment “Law of Effect” Rewarded behavior is more likely to recur Punished behavior is less likely to recur Behavior Consequence Reward © Kip Smith, 2003 Behavior Consequence Punishment Shaping A procedure in which reinforcers (rewards or punishments) gradually guide an animal’s behavior toward a desired behavior The animal associates its own behaviors with their consequences © Kip Smith, 2003 Operant conditioning has two components: The consequence of the behavior is either having something given (positive) or having something taken away (negative) Based on the consequence, the behavior either continues (reinforcement) or decreases or stops (punishment) © Kip Smith, 2003 Positive vs. Negative Positive if something is given Negative if something is taken away © Kip Smith, 2003 Positive The animal receives something that it values Food Reinforcement Money Any incentive © Kip Smith, 2003 Positive The animal receives something that it values Food Reinforcement Money Any incentive The animal receives something it dreads Pain Hardship Deprivation © Kip Smith, 2003 Punishment Negative The animal has something it values taken away Food Money Any incentive © Kip Smith, 2003 Punishment Negative The animal has something it values taken away Food Money Any incentive Punishment The animal has something it dreads taken away Pain Hardship Deprivation © Kip Smith, 2003 Reinforcement Reinforcement vs. Punishment Reinforcement if the behavior continues Punishment if the behavior diminishes or stops © Kip Smith, 2003 Reinforcement Doing something to encourage a behavior AND the behavior continues “Reinforcement rests on the principle that whenever something reinforces a particular activity of an organism, it increases the chances the organism will repeat the behavior.” © Kip Smith, 2003 Punishment Doing something to discourage a behavior AND the behavior diminishes or stops Punishment rests on the principle that whenever something militates against a particular activity, it decreases the chances the activity will continue © Kip Smith, 2003 Behavior continues The animal behaves, the consequence is something GIVEN The animal behaves, the consequence is something TAKEN AWAY Behavior decreases or stops Positive reinforcement: Positive punishment: giving something desired giving something undesired (Ex: Giving a child a sticker for doing well on a test- the child continues to do well on tests) (Ex: Yelling at your roommate for leaving the apartment a mess- and your roommate decreases her messy behavior) Negative reinforcement: Negative punishment: (Ex: A rat presses a lever to escape an electric shock the rat will continue to press the lever) (Ex: Taking away driving privileges after a DWI- and the person stops driving intoxicated) taking away something undesired taking away something desired Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ? Behavior Giving something desired Consequence is something GIVEN (Ex: Giving a child a sticker for doing well on a test - the child continues to do well on tests) © Kip Smith, 2003 Positive Reinforcement Giving something desired Behavior continues © Kip Smith, 2003 Consequence is something GIVEN Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ? Behavior Consequence is something TAKEN AWAY Taking away something UNdesired (Ex: A rat presses a lever to escape an electric shock - the rat will continue to press the lever) © Kip Smith, 2003 Negative Reinforcement Taking away something UNdesired Behavior continues © Kip Smith, 2003 Consequence is something TAKEN AWAY Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ? Behavior Consequence is something TAKEN AWAY Taking away something desired (Ex: Taking away driving privileges after a DWIand the person stops driving intoxicated) © Kip Smith, 2003 Negative Punishment Taking away something desired Behavior diminishes or stops © Kip Smith, 2003 Consequence is something TAKEN AWAY Positive or Negative ? Reinforcement or Punishment ? Behavior Consequence is something GIVEN Giving something UNdesired (Ex: Late fees and finance charges on credit card bills - payments may become less tardy) © Kip Smith, 2003 Positive Punishment Giving something UNdesired Behavior diminishes or stops © Kip Smith, 2003 Consequence is something GIVEN Group Discussion A teenager has a curfew of midnight. She continually comes home before her curfew. To reward her, her parents remove her curfew. The teenager continues to come home around midnight. What kind of conditioning is this? © Kip Smith, 2003 Group Discussion A dog owner puts a collar on his dog that gives the dog a shock whenever it tries to leave the front yard. After a few attempts, the dog stops trying to leave the front yard. What kind of conditioning is this? © Kip Smith, 2003