Transcript Chapter 1
A Cumulative Model for Understanding Behavior Genetic Influences Physiological Influences Personal Tendency Toward Behavior Learning Influences ______________________________________ Situational Factors Situational Tendency Toward Behavior Cognitive Reasoning Opportunity 1 Genetics 90% of height 70% of major depression 60% of intelligence 50% of smoking 40% of personality 40% of job satisfaction 50% of criminality 50% of aggression Many mental health problems 2 Physiological Influences Head injuries and brain abnormalities Neurotransmitters Hormones Arousal levels Diet Physical appearance Illness and disability 3 Physical Appearance Infancy attractive babies are held, cuddled, and kissed more Attractive Children have more friends are seen by teachers as being smarter are disciplined less often Adolescence attractive teens have more dates Attractive Adults receive higher interview scores receive higher performance appraisal scores are sent to jail less often are committed to mental health facilities less often receive more help in emergencies 4 Physical Attractiveness and Crime Masters and Graves (1967) 60% of criminals have facial defects 20% of controls Thompson (1990) Reviewed 9 studies and found that in 6, recidivism decreased after plastic surgery 5 Learning History Types of Learning Social learning Operant conditioning We Learn Consequences How to be reinforced Anger and resentment Social needs and skills Attachment to the community Coping skills 6 Learning Influences Developmental era Where we were raised Family Friends School and church Gender, race, and culture Significant emotional events 7 Developmental Era Decade Important Event Characteristics 1980s Drugs, video games, videos, computers, car phones, fax Bored, smart, conservative, individualistic 1970s Watergate, travel Distrust, urbane 1960s Drugs, civil rights, Vietnam Spoiled, unrealistic, assertive 1950s TV, economic boom Questioning 1940s World War II Angry, confused 1930s Depression Frugal, security 8 Birth Order Only child higher intelligence more independent First born achievement oriented conservative Middle born outgoing good social skills Youngest creative rebels 9 Demographics Gender Race National origin Religion Disability Age 10 Television and the Media We watch five hours of TV per day 8 of 10 shows contain violence Cartoons have 18 acts of violence per hour Romance and sex Exposure to tragedy 11 When is Our Personality Set? Birth Freud Massey Never Significant emotional events 12 Situational Factors Environmental stress frustration heat, noise, darkness, crowding Behavior of others Time and resource limitations Competing values Availability of alternatives 13 Cognitive Reasoning Expectancy theory Expectancy Instrumentality Valence Reasoning is affected by Alcohol and drugs Anger Stress Emotion Intelligence Knowledge/experience 14 Opportunity 15 Personality Characteristics Personality Type Characteristics Thinker creative, inquisitive Director competitive, independent Communicator friendly, outgoing Soother calm, loyal, helpful Organizer organized, detailed 16 Communication Styles Personality Speaking style Listens for Thinker ideas ideas Director direct main point Communicator stories/jokes fun, humor Soother calm, never critical feelings Organizer facts, details facts, details 17