Transcript Associative tolerance

Classical
Conditioning
& Drug Effects
Lesson 12
Learning & Drug-taking Behavior
Learning can be maladaptive
 phobias
 obsessive/compulsive disorder
 Drug-taking behavior
 Role of learning in drug-taking
 Motivation, acquisition, & maintenance
 Operant & Classical conditioning
 Same rules as any acquired response ~

Associative Learning
Operant learning
 Attempt to change environment
 Controlled by consequences
 Acquisition & maintenance
 Classical Conditioning (Respondent)
 Involuntary behavior
 Triggered by external events
 Learned “reflexes”
 Motivation
 *alters drug effects ~

Motivation
Will expend energy to achieve goal
 Approach or Avoidance
 What “motivates” behavior?
 Physiological responses
 Emotional responses
 Cognitive response
 Involuntary responses
 Both innate & learned ~

Learning Associations
Signal--Important event
 Based on reflexes
 stimulus  response
 automatic (involuntary)
 After association learned…
 signal triggers response ~

Reflexive Behavior
Unconditional Stimulus (US)
 Biologically important
 Survival value
 Unconditional Response (UR)
 Reflexive response
 Automatic ~

Learned Behavior
Conditional stimuli (CS)
 Initially neutral
 Becomes a signal/cue
 Conditional Response (CR)
 Learned response
 Elicited by CS ~

Classical Conditioning
CS
US
TONE
FOOD
UR
SALIVATION
After Classical Conditioning
CS only
Tone
Salivation
Conditional
Response
Drugs & Classical Conditioning
Unconditional Stimulus (US)
 Drug’s interaction with nervous
system
 Unconditional Response (UR)
 Drug effect(s)
 Conditional stimuli (CS)
 Cues for administration
 Conditional Response (CR)
 Homogenic or heterogenic? ~

Drugs & Classical Conditioning
Unconditional Stimulus (US)
 Drug’s interaction with nervous
system
 Unconditional Response (UR)
 Drug effect(s)
 Conditional stimuli (CS)
 Cues for administration
 Conditional Response (CR)
 Homogenic or heterogenic? ~

Conditioned Withdrawal
Opiate addicts
 Naloxone  withdrawal
 CS: contextual cues
 syringe, sounds, location, etc. ~

Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts
Conditional
Stimulus
Syringe
Unconditional
Stimulus
Naloxone
Unconditional
Response
Withdrawal
Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts
Conditional
Stimulus
Syringe
Withdrawal
Conditional
Response
Learning & Drug-taking Behavior
Learning can be maladaptive
 phobias
 obsessive/compulsive disorder
 Drug-taking behavior
 Role of learning in drug-taking
 Motivation, acquisition, & maintenance
 Operant & Classical conditioning
 Same rules as any acquired response ~

Drugs & Classical Conditioning
Unconditional Stimulus (US)
 Drug’s interaction with nervous
system
 Unconditional Response (UR)
 Drug effect(s)
 Conditional stimuli (CS)
 Cues for administration
 Conditional Response (CR)
 *Homogenic or heterogenic? ~

Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts
Conditional
Stimulus
Syringe
Unconditional
Stimulus
Unconditional
Response
Naloxone
Withdrawal
Withdrawal
Conditional
Response
Conditioned Drug Responses
Same laws of any learned behavior
 Acquisition
 Gradual & relatively permanent
 Extinction
 Spontaneous recovery
 Disinhibition
 Renewal effect
 Reacquisition ~

Recovery of Extinguished Response
Spontaneous Recovery
 just passage of time
 Disinhibition
 CS in new context
 Renewal Effect
 Extinction in different context than
acquisition
 Reacquisition
 CR re-established in fewer trials ~

What does it all mean?
Demonstrate association intact
 CR is inhibited
 Spontaneous recovery & Disinhibition
 Might trigger relapse
 Reacquisition
 Craving / habit reestablished quickly
 Operant conditioning
 Same phenomena ~

CERs & Motivation
Emotional component to URs
 Associated with contextual cues
 CS+ / CS-  CER
 CERs often motivate behaviors
 including drug-taking
 Hedonism / Self-medication
 Lead to reinforcement ~

CER (affect)
CS+
Positive
Negative
CS-
Negative
Positive
Appetitive
Aversive
US
Heterogenic Conditioned
Drug Responses

Insulin = US
Hypoglycemia = UR
 CS = peppermint odor
 CS alone measure CR = ?
 Hyperglycemia!
 Opponent processes
 Also role in associative tolerance ~

Heterogenic Conditioned
Drug Responses
Conditional
Stimulus
odor
US
Insulin
UR
hypoglycemia
hyperglycemia
Conditional
Response
Learning & Drug Tolerance
Shepard Siegel (1975)
 Associative Drug Tolerance
 Classically Conditioned Response
 Opponent process theory ~

Overall response
Typical drug effects
 function of time
 Physiological disturbance
 A process
 Compensatory response
 B process
 Back to baseline
 set point ~

Overall response
Hi
A process + B process
set point
euphoria
Lo
Time
Drug Effects &
Compensatory Response
Hi
A process = UR
baseline
euphoria
B process
Lo
Time
Observed Response
A process = UR
 homeostatic disturbance
 Observed Response = A + B processes
 Net effects
 Environmental cues become CS
 injection ~

Associative Tolerance
Compensatory response becomes
conditioned
 Starts sooner
 more efficient
 Present CS only  B process only
 CR is opposite to UR ~

Conditioning: Associative Tolerance
Hi
A process = UR
euphoria
baseline
B process
Lo
Time
Conditioning: Associative Tolerance
Hi
A process = UR
euphoria
baseline
B process
Lo
Time
Conditioning: Associative Tolerance
Hi
A process = UR
euphoria
baseline
B process
Lo
Time
Conditioning: Associative Tolerance
Hi
A process = UR
euphoria
baseline
B process
Lo
Time
Paradoxical Opiate Overdose
Death from respiratory depression
 lower than usual dose?
 Siegal (1975)
 Associative tolerance ~

Associative Tolerance
Give rats morphine in white box
 depresses respiration
 repeated morphine  tolerance
  drug   respiration
 Opponent process
 compensatory response
 B process = increased respiration ~

Phase 1
Tolerance

Test
Group 1
Group 2
Test
 Group 1  hi dose in white box
same effects on respiration
 Group 2  hi dose in black box
death ~
“Overdose” death
Why?
 No Conditioned response (CR)
 No CS (white box)
 Same as getting much larger dose ~

Opponent Process Theory
Potential Explanation For...
CR opposite to UR
 Heterogenic CR
 Tolerance
 Paradoxical Heroin OD
 Conditioned drug withdrawal
 craving & drug seeking
 relapse ~

Classical Conditioning...
CR similar to UR
 Homogenic CR
 *Sensitization
 Context-dependent
 Placebo Effects
 LSD Flashback
 Acquisition of Drug Paraphernalia
 “Needle Freaks” ~
