Transcript Learning Theory Presentation

B.F. Skinner
http://www.freeinfosociety.com/article.php?id=100
Lisa Marvel, Holly Ziegler, and Amos Kim
Operant Conditioning
• “Form of learning in which a spontaneous
behavior is followed by a stimulus that
changes the probability that the behavior will
occur again (Berk, L., E., 2006).”
• Skinner Box
http://www.geocities.com/skews_me_too/behavior.html
Operant Conditioning and Education
• Environmental stimuli influence people to
produce different kinds of behaviors
– Behavior can be changed by altering antecedents
and consequences
• Teachers often use rewards and punishments
to produce desired behaviors from their
students
– These consequences partially determine whether
students will repeat the behavior that led to the
consequence
(Woolfolk, A., 2007.)
Examples of Rewards Used By Teachers
• Rewards:
– Concrete: Prizes, candy
– Activity: Free time, Recess
– Exemption: no homework, no final exams
– Social: praise, student of the month
(Woolfolk, A., 2007.)
http://static.squidoo.com/resize/squidoo_images/1/draft_lens1862717module12215593photo_1224519060chal
k-board-coupon.gif
Examples of Punishments Used By
Teachers
• Punishments:
– Loss of privileges: no recess or free time
– Fines: lost points, lower test grades
– Extra work: more homework and classwork
(Woolfolk, A., 2007.)
http://pro.corbis.com/images/CBR001859.jpg?size=572&uid=%7B17DC4E23-EAF7-498A-96C2-F0C149C5BFE9%7D
Prompts and Cues
• Cues provide students with a stimulus that let
them know when a certain behavior should take
place. When this occurs, the behavior can be
reinforced by the teacher.
• Prompts help students learn how to respond to a
cue for a desired behavior.
– These prompts must occur immediately and then fade
as quickly as possible.
– For example, Skinner’s pigeons learned to peck for
food when the light turned on, but did not try when
the light was off because no food would be returned.
The light was used as a cue to determine the likely
consequence of pecking.
(Woolfolk, A., 2007.)
Operant Conditioning and Education
• Rewards and
reinforcement should be
given immediately
• Students should be able
to know if their work is
correct immediately
(Smith 1994)
Programmed Instruction
•
•
•
•
Use rewards to motivate students
Learning step by step
Learning through direct participation
Different paces for learning for different
students
• (Pedrini)
Technology
• Quizzes on the
computer will allow
students to immediately
know if their answers
are correct
– Computer Games
– Practice Quizzes with
clues
http://www.dosgamesonline.com/screenshots/full/numbermunchers2.gif
Q&A
Which group of words fits correctly into this
statement?: Environmental ______ influence
people to produce different kinds of ______.
1. rewards, actions
2. stimuli, behaviors
3. studies, products
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Q&A
Which group of words fits correctly into this
statement?:Teachers often use ______ and
________ to produce desired behaviors from
their students.
1. rewards, punishments
2. staplers, pencils
3. instruction, pets
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Q&A
Who is the real Skinner??
www.psychology.uiowa.edu
animatedtv.about.com
You are Correct!!!
The End
References
Berk, L. E. (2006). Development Through the Lifespan (4th
ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Dunder, J. (n.d.). Skinner, Burrhus Frederic. Retrieved 17 2,
2009, from Free Info Society:
http://www.freeinfosociety.com/article.php?id=100
Pedrini, B., & Pedrini, D. (1973). Operant Conditioning
and Learning: Examples, Sources, and Technology.
Smith, L. (1994). B.F. Skinner (1904-1990). Prospects:
Quarterly Review of Comparative Education , 519-532.
Woolfolk, A. (2007). Educational Psychology. Boston:
Pearson.