Transcript models
Cognitive Learning Models Kohler: Insight Learning • Wolfgang Kohler – Disenchanted with behaviorists explanation for learning – Believed that cognition, or mental processes must be essential to learning – Observational studies of chimpanzees Insight Learning • Problem – bananas hung outside of chimp’s reach – Initial solutions • Pile up boxes and climb on top • Use sticks to knock the fruit down Insight Learning • Insight learning – solve complex problems by combining simpler, previously learned responses – Problem-solving occurs through sudden reorganization of perceptions • Placed bananas higher up – neither previously learned solutions sufficient to get the fruit Insight Learning • When unable to reach the fruit – First – threw the sticks away and kicked the wall – Later, piled up the boxes, grabbed the stick, climbed on the boxes and knocked the fruit down with the stick – Cannot be explained through either operant or classical conditioning alone Kohler’s Chimps Tolman: Cognitive Maps • Cognitive maps – Mental representations or images that help organisms navigate through the world • Reinforcement has a greater impact on performance than on learning – i.e., reinforcement serves to motivate the animal to demonstrate what it has learned Diagram of a Tolman Maze Cognitive Maps • Three groups of rats – 1) No reinforcement – 2) Reinforced on every trial – 3) No reinforcement for first ten trials; reinforced on all subsequent trials Error Curve by Day and Food Deprivation Maze Learning Food/ Goal Box Start A B Cognitive Maps • Tolman hypothesized that the rats developed cognitive maps of the maze – i.e., Visual/spatial Image or representation of physical space that is used to navigate through the environment • Demonstrated latent learning – learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement – reinforcement necessary to demonstrate acquisition Bandura: Social Learning Theory • Observational Learning – Acquisition of behaviors that results from observation rather than direct experience – E.g., • Children learn do cartwheels and handstands • Learn what clothes to wear to fit in (e.g., midriffs; low-riser jeans) • Learn aggressive behavior Social Learning Theory • Modeling – imitation and reproduction of behaviors of models – Model must be salient (i.e., are attractive, have high status, and are similar to observer) – Parents, peers, siblings, celebrities Social Learning Theory • Vicarious reinforcement – Learn about the consequences of a behavior by observing a model engage in the behavior and experience consequences • Outcome Expectancies – Learned association between a specific behavior and a specific consequence OR – Belief about the consequences of our behavior Social Learning Theory • Outcome expectancies – Alcohol makes me relaxed and sociable – Wearing brown polyester will make me a social outcast – If I study for the exam, I will get a good grade – If I eat those cookies, I will feel good – Having sex without a condom will result in enhanced pleasure Social Learning Theory • Positive outcome expectancies – Belief that the behavior will result in reinforcing or rewarding outcomes • Negative outcome expectancies – Belief that the behavior will result in punishing or negative outcomes Social Learning Theory • Expectancies influence subsequent behavior – Positive expectancy (i.e., belief that behavior results in reinforcing outcomes) engage in or repeat behavior – Negative expectancy (i.e., belief that behavior results in punishing outcomes) avoid or discontinue behavior Aggressive Behavior • Children observed a model behave aggressively toward the BOBO doll – Were more likely to behave aggressively when given the opportunity to play with the BOBO doll – Especially when the model was reinforced for his/her aggressive behavior