Transcript Negative Reinforcement

1904-1990
key name
B.F. SKINNER
B.F. = (Burrhus Frederic )
• Most significant name in behaviorism
(behavior is controlled by reinforcement, not your
unconscious)
• Research on operant conditioning
• Creator of the operant chamber (Skinner
Box)
Pigeon ping-pong
Schedules of Reinforcement
(pigeon pecking behavior)
Training a puppy to roll over
Reinforcement
• All Reinforcement
INCREASES THE
LIKELYHOOD that a
particular behavior will
occur.
• Positive Reinforcement:
encourages a certain
behavior by offering a
positive stimulus (reward).
I _______
Negative Reinforcement
(and so do you!)
Negative Reinforcement IS NOT
Punishment
• Negative Reinforcement also
ENCOURAGES a particular behavior by
removing an aversive (negative)
stimulus.
• Punishment: DISCOURAGES a
particular behavior by usually adding an
aversive stimulus.
Examples of Negative Reinforcement*
• Prisoners being released early for good behavior.
(encouraged to be good so negative environment is
removed).
• You cannot drive your car UNTIL you get better
grades. (encouraged to study harder so negative of
not having your car is removed).
• The seatbelt alarm in a car buzzes until you put on
the seatbelt. (encouraged to put on seatbelt so that
annoying sound is removed)
Examples of Punishment:
DISCOURAGES behavior
• You are grounded because
you lied.
• A child is spanked for cussing.
• A teacher forces a student to
stand in the corner because he
interrupted him.
Primary vs. Conditioned Reinforcers
Primary
Conditioned
Innately satisfying
UNLEARNED
Satisfying because they are
associated with a primary reinforcer
LEARNED
food
???
water
???
sex
???
Affiliation (family and friends)
???
Removal of pain
???
Types of Reinforcement
• Continuous Reinforcement: reinforcing the
desired behavior everytime it occurs.
– Learning happens very quickly.
– Extinction happens very quickly if
reinforcement is stopped.
• Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement:
reinforcing a desired behavior only part of the
time.
– Learning takes longer (slower acquisition)
– TAKES LONGER for extinction to occur.
Immediate vs. Delayed
Reinforcement*
• In rats, if you delay reinforcement, virtually
no learning will occur.
• Although humans do recognize delayed
reinforcement, immediate gratification
sometimes move us into risky behavior.
EX: smoking, drinking, unprotected sex.
Shaping*
• Shaping refers to an
operant conditioning
technique in which
reinforcers guide behavior
closer and closer towards
a desired goal.
– Uses successive
approximations.
Shaping pigeon turning behavior
Shaping a dog's behavior
How would you have
trained this cat to
become potty
trained?
(Meet the Parents Clip – Psych in Film)
Behaviorist vs Cognitivist Theories
Behaviorist: Only cares about behavior – what a person does –
what can be observed or proven Learning is
mechanical – you behave the way you do because
of external stimuli – no internal processes are
required (learning by thinking about something or
watching it)
Cogntivist:
Care about what a person knows (instead of
does). Learning serves a purpose. You can learn
by watching or thinking about something.
Cognition’s Effect on
Operant Conditioning (see p. 145)
Cognitive map: a mental representation of one’s environment
that is developed without the aid of
reinforcement.
Latent learning:
–
learning that occurs (like cognitive map) that is
not apparent (hidden) until there is an
incentive to justify it.
Ex: rats that were not reinforced while in a
maze could navigate it just as fast when there
was a reward put at the end. If there was no
food at the end, they just roamed through the
maze (they were in no rush to get to the end).
Social Learning Theory: Monkey See,
Monkey Do (Observational Learning)
• Observational
learning describes
process of learning
by observing others.
• Modeling is an
example of
observational
learning by which
we imitate a specific
behavior.
Albert Bandura’s Experiment on
Modeling (Bobo Doll Experiment)
• Experiment that showed children
could easily learn aggression
through observational learning
modeling.
• Frustrated children go to beat on
clown after seeing adult model
do the same.
• After a variety of experiments,
many consider Bandura to be the
father of social learning theory.
Observational Learning/Modeling
Theory Leads to Questions About the
Impact of Television on Viewers