Transcript Powerpoint
Learning Haven’t we already talked about this??? What’s the difference between: • Learning • Knowledge • Memory • Education • Training Learning “… any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience” (Wade & Tavris, 2005, p. 285) “… any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience” (Wade & Tavris, 2005, p. 285) But…what about new information? Ideas? Memories? The study of learning has been heavily dominated by… Behaviorism The study of observable relationships between the behavior and the environment. To a behaviorist, if you can’t see it and measure it, there’s no point in talking about it. Conditioned stimulus Classical Conditioning stimulus Operant Conditioning response behavior Consequence Classical Conditioning An accidental discovery by Ivan Pavlov’s graduate students Pavlov’s Dog http://nobelprize.org/medicine/educational/pavlov/index.html CS=bell Conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) UCS=food Response (R) R=drooling Pavlov was studying salivation. The dogs were studying food. Have you ever been classically conditioned? CS=? Conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) UCS=? Response (R) R=feeling sick? R=hungry? R=anxious? Conditioning Fear John B. Watson trained “Little Albert” to be afraid of white mice CS=mouse Conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) UCS=noise Response (R) R=fear/crying Stimulus Generalization John B. Watson trains “Little Albert” to be afraid of bearded men CS= mouse + anything like a mouse Conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) UCS=noise Response (R) R=fear/crying People who have chemotherapy begin to feel sick at the sight of things related to their chemotherapy (nurses’ uniforms; the room; the hallway) Stimulus Discrimination Learning to tell the difference between stimuli CS= blue hallway – no drooling CS= yellow hallway - drooling Conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) UCS=food Response (R) R=fear/crying People who have chemotherapy begin to feel sick at the sight of things related to their chemotherapy (nurses’ uniforms; the room; the hallway) Extinction Stopping the reaction How many times do you have to ring the bell without food to get the drooling to stop? Operant Conditioning What is a consequence? Operant Conditioning behavior Consequence Neutral consequences – have no effect on behavior Reinforcers – increase behavior Punishers – decrease behavior Note! Not all reinforcers are “rewards” and not all “rewards” are reinforcers. Examples??? Reinforcement Schedules Intermittent – Once in a while (or every nth time) Continuous – every single time How do we reinforce… Lottery ticket buyers Dogs at the dinner table Tantrum-throwers Speeders Skinner’s “shaping” of behavior Does punishment change behavior? Sometimes. If… • Immediate. • Consistent. Note: Harsher doesn’t help. Mild punishment works just as well. Punishment does not work when… Why punishment fails… • Causes anxiety, fear, rage These are not good conditions for learning. Too much anxiety, too little information. • Stops working when the punishment goes away – Can I get away with it? INSTEAD OF Is this a good idea? • Can’t be immediate enough or specific enough The dog who eats the box of treats while you’re at work has been rewarded 50 times before you get home to punish him. • Doesn’t convey information about what to do • May be an accidental reinforcer Social-Cognitive Learning Theory Behaviorism (yes, we are conditioned, but)… The “environment” is the environment we perceive, so… •Attitudes •Beliefs •Expectations Mean that a “stimulus” or “consequence” will be different for different people We are able to learn by watching others. Observational learning but we don’t learn everything we watch others do Why do we start smoking? Why don’t we start smoking? Social cognitive theory helps explain this. • Attitudes • Beliefs • Expectations Are behaviorists still around? • Do you ever see systems of reinforcement and punishment? • “Cognitive behavioral therapy” • Behaviorists never said thinking didn’t happen, only that there was no sense in trying to study it. What kind of research would Skinner be doing today?