Transcript Notable Practitioners in the Social Sciences

Notable Practitioners in
the Social Sciences
Carl Jung
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The functions
Whether we are introverts or extroverts, we need to deal with the world, inner and outer. And each of us has our
preferred ways of dealing with it, ways we are comfortable with and good at. Jung suggests there are four basic
ways, or functions:
The first is sensing. Sensing means what it says: getting information by means of the senses. A sensing person
is good at looking and listening and generally getting to know the world. Jung called this one of the irrational
functions, meaning that it involved perception rather than judging of information.
The second is thinking. Thinking means evaluating information or ideas rationally, logically. Jung called this a
rational function, meaning that it involves decision making or judging, rather than simple intake of information.
The third is intuiting. Intuiting is a kind of perception that works outside of the usual conscious processes. It is
irrational or perceptual, like sensing, but comes from the complex integration of large amounts of information,
rather than simple seeing or hearing. Jung said it was like seeing around corners.
The fourth is feeling. Feeling, like thinking, is a matter of evaluating information, this time by weighing one's
overall, emotional response. Jung calls it rational, obviously not in the usual sense of the word.
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We all have these functions. We just have them in different proportions, you might say. Each of us has a
superior function, which we prefer and which is best developed in us, a secondary function, which we are aware
of and use in support of our superior function, a tertiary function, which is only slightly less developed but not
terribly conscious, and an inferior function, which is poorly developed and so unconscious that we might deny its
existence in ourselves.
Most of us develop only one or two of the functions, but our goal should be to develop all four. Once again, Jung
sees the transcendence of opposites as the ideal.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
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This test is an example of how Jung’s
theory has been applied in the business
world. Here is an example:
Myers-Briggs Test
Carl Jung's Archetypes
To further help you in uncovering the meaning of your dreams, Jung noted
certain dream symbols that possess the same universal meaning for all men
and women. He terms this phenomenon the "collective unconscious". While
dreams are personal, your personal experiences often touch on universal
themes and symbols. These symbols are believed to occur in every culture
throughout history. Jung identifies seven such symbols in what is referred
to as the major archetypal characters:
1. The Persona is the image you present to the world in your waking life. It is
your public mask. In the dream world, the persona is represented by the
Self. The Self may or may not resemble you physically or may or may not
behave as your would. For example, the persona can appear as a scarecrow or
a beggar in your dream. However, you still know that this "person" in your dream
is you.
2. The Shadow is the rejected and repressed aspects of yourself. It is the part of
yourself that you do not want the world to see because it is ugly or unappealing.
It symbolizes weakness, fear, or anger. In dreams, this figure is represented by a
stalker, murderer, a bully, or pursuer. It can be a frightening figure or even a
close friend or relative. Their appearance often makes you angry or leaves you
scared. They force you to confront things that you don't want to see or hear. You
must learn to accept the shadow aspect of yourself for its messages are often for
your own good, even though it may not be immediately apparent.
3. The Anima / Animus is the female and male aspects of yourself. Everyone
possess both feminine and masculine qualities. In dreams, the anima appears as
a highly feminized figure, while the animus appears as a hyper masculine form.
Or you may dream that you are dressed in women's clothing, if you are male or
that you grow a beard, if you are female. These dream imageries appear
depending on how well you are able to integrate the feminine and masculine
qualities within yourself. They serve as a reminder that you must learn to
acknowledge or express your masculine (be more assertive) or feminine side (be
more emotional).
4. The Divine Child is your true self in its purest form. It not only symbolizes
your innocence, your sense of vulnerability, and your helplessness, but it
represents your aspirations and full potential. You are open to all possibilities. In
the dreamscape, this figure is represented by a baby or young child.
5. The Wise Old Man /Woman is the helper in your dreams. Represented by a
teacher, father, doctor, priest or some other unknown authority figure, they
serve to offer guidance and words of wisdom. They appear in your dream to
steer and guide you into the right direction.
6. The Great Mother is the nurturer. The Great Mother appears in your dreams
as your own mother, grandmother, or other nurturing figure. She provides you
with positive reassurance. Negatively, they may be depicted as a witch or old
bag lady in which case they can be associated with seduction, dominance and
death. This juxtaposition is rooted in the belief by some experts that the real
mother who is the giver of life is also at the same time jealous of our growth
away from her.
7. The Trickster, as the name implies, plays jokes to keep you from taking
yourself too seriously. The trickster may appear in your dream when you have
overreach or misjudge a situation. Or he could find himself in your dream when
you are uncertain about a decision or about where you want to go in life. The
trickster often makes you feel uncomfortable or embarrassed, sometimes
mocking you or exposing you to your vulnerabilities. He may take on subtle
forms, sometimes even changing its shape.
Archetypal dreams, also refer to as "mythic dreams", "great dreams" or "grand
dreams", usually occur at significant times or transitional periods in your life.
They often leave you with a sense of awe or that you have learned something
important about yourself. Such dreams have a cosmic quality or an element of
impossibility if occurred in reality. They are often extremely vivid and stay in your
mind long after you had the dream.
B. F. Skinner
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Operant Conditioning
The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea
that learning is a function of change in overt
behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an
individual's response to events (stimuli) that occur in
the environment. A response produces a consequence
such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a
math problem. When a particular Stimulus-Response
(S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual
is conditioned to respond. Positive vs. Negative
Reinforcement
Abraham Maslow
All humans have needs in which they try to satisfy. These
needs range from basic necessities of life to more complex
emotional and spiritual fulfillment. According to Maslow these
needs are arranged in hierarchical fashion. When we have
satisfied the need at one level of the hierarchy, rather than
becoming satisfied overall, we tend to move on and try to
satisfy the need at the next level. Very few humans reach the
point of ‘self-actualization’.
Marion Woodman
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The effect of the patriarchal system has
negatively affected women and men and in
order for positive change to occur both
sexes must free themselves from
patriarchal thinking.
Holistic approaches to treating the psyche
must accompany traditional scientific
methods. Marion Woodman - "The
Damage of Patriarchy" on Vimeo
Immanuel Wallerstein
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Capitalism is the major force responsible
for the proliferation of a nation.
Countries that are deeply rooted in the
capitalist system are in the ‘core’. They
exploit the countries in the ‘periphery’
through imbalanced trade practices.
Countries between these two are in the
‘semi-periphery’. Movement between
these regions is very slow.
W.E.B. Du Bois
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He attributed the crime increase after the Civil War to the
"increased complexity of life," competition for jobs in industry
(especially with the recent Irish immigrants), and the mass
exodus of blacks from the farmland and immigration to cities.
“Naturally then, if men are suddenly transported from one environment
to another, the result is lack of harmony with the new conditions; lack
of harmony with the new physical surroundings leading to disease and
death or modification of physique; lack of harmony with social
surroundings leading to crime.”
Dorothy Smith
Smith maintains that when women's lives are studied outside of the
home, such as in the work place, that such experiences will be
evaluated from the male standpoint of that workplace. Thus
secretaries and clerical workers will be primarily women, while their
bosses will be primarily men. If asked who makes the decisions, and
who does the work, most "objective" observers will put most of the
weight on the male actors, because the experience is being
evaluated from male categories. But if the experience is being
evaluated from within the woman's framework, an entirely
different picture is likely to emerge. A friend of mine--Marylee
Reimer--conducted a study in which she sat beside women
secretaries in a variety of workplaces. She observed and
clarified the tasks of these women, and concluded that no office in
her study could survive without the skills and the numerous
decisions that women make every hour. That while men get
the credit, the women do an extraordinary amount of work, and if
there was any justice in the world, they would be earning as much if
not more than their bosses.
If we move to the home sphere, the experiences of women are basically
not understood or valued at all in our society. The routines of the
woman at home are loose and episodic. One responds to events such as
baby crying when the need is there. There is little that is linear about
the work at home unlike the routines of the office or the factory.
Because the work at home does not conform to male norms, it is
assumed that therefore that work is not actually being done.
Thus the language describing the woman who stays home to do child
care, house management, and husband nurturing, is that she is "not
working." This is the ultimate devaluation of women's experience.