Transcript Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation:
External and Internal
Psychological Needs
Not necessary for survival like
biological needs.
 Make life worth living.
 People engage in all kinds of
activities unrelated to basic needs.

Why do we work?





Support ourselves
and our families.
Pay bills.
Most people enjoy
work.
Sense of purpose.
Social aspect of
being with other
people.
Enjoy leisure activities.





Retirement activities.
Sun City, Florida.
Sports, crafts,
performance, social
outreach.
Everyone has role in
community.
Community run by
volunteers.
Motivating people to get involved.




Hope people will
do what is best.
Help out when
needed.
Avoid well-known
risks.
Sometimes we
have to mold
behavior.
Safer to wear seatbelts.






Well-known that
seatbelts save lives.
Usage varies greatly.
51% in Mass before
law. Now 76%.
91% in Calif
78% in CT
Requirement and
enforcement make a
difference
Eventually internalized





Starts extrinsic.
Not wearing seatbelt
might lead to
punishment.
Wearing reinforced by
others and by vehicle.
Put them on as a
matter of habit.
Becomes intrinsic.
Punishment and reinforcement.






“Click it or ticket”
Threat of punishment.
Random checks.
Car comes with
warning buzzers.
Stop if you buckle up.
Reinforces wearing.
Developing skills








String bass in corner
Like to get back to playing it
Boring to play bass part
Need to join group
Rewards of working together
Concert coming up
Positives outweigh negatives
Lugging bass across campus
Environment controls behavior
Extrinsic motivation.
 External rewards and punishments.
 Praise increase likelihood I’ll
participate.
 Criticism decrease the likelihood.
 Principles of operant conditioning at
work.

Effects on behavior


Reinforcement
Leads to an
increase in
behavior.


Punishment
Leads to a
decrease in
behavior.
Types of reinforcement
Positive
reinforcement:
behavior leads to
reward.
Negative
reinforcement:
behavior removes
pain or anxiety
 Ex: take pill for
headache

Types of punishment


Behavior leads to
unpleasant
outcome or takes
away something
pleasant.
Goal of
punishment is a
decrease in
unwanted
behavior.
Add to
Pleasant
Unpleasant
Take away from
Rewards and punishments
Pleasant
Add to
Take away from
Positive
reinforcement
Type II punishment
Unpleasant Type I
punishment
Negative
reinforcement
Problems with punishment
Negative feelings towards person
giving punishment.
 Physical or psychological pain.
 Escalate in severity.
 Situational: substitute teacher
syndrome.
 Less likely to internalize.

External versus internal
Better to have intrinsic motivation.
 Behave not because you fear
punishment or expect reward
(external)
 But because you want to behave in
a certain way.
 Motivation from within (intrinsic).

Ryan and Deci
American Psychologist, 1/2000
 Self-Determination Theory
 Facilitation of intrinsic motivation
 Described in Reeve Chapters 5 & 6.
 Chart on Reeve p 154.

Components of Intrinsic Motivation
Autonomy: self-governing
 Competence: well-qualified, capable
a.k.a self-efficacy
 Relatedness: support and
affirmation from peers.

Extrinsic Motivation
Needed when no intrinsic reasons
 Example: pay taxes
 Develop intrinsic over time
 Example: seat belt use.
 At first extrinsic: avoid tickets,
alarms, nagging children
 Becomes internalized

Regulatory styles
Ryan and Deci p. 72 (Reeve p. 154)
 Amotivation
 Non-regulation
 Don’t care about rewards and
punishments.
 Lack of control.
 “They pretend to pay us and we
pretend to work.”

Ryan and Deci table
Motivation:
Amotivation Extrinsic
Regulation: None
Intrinsic
External
Intrinsic
Locus of
control:
Impersonal External
Internal
Regulation
leads to
Nonvaluing
Compliance
Incompetence Rewards and
punishment
Enjoyment
Satisfaction
Continuum of Regulation
External ------------------- Internal
 External regulation
 Compliance
 External rewards and punishments.

Internal regulation
Synthesis with self-congruence.
 Agreement conforms to beliefs
 Goal is to get people to accept goals
as their own.
 Move from compliance to selfregulation.
 Compliance with medication.

Facilitating Internalization
Relatedness
 Desire to belong and feel connected.
 Group projects, share tasks
 Self-efficacy
 Improves chances of success
 Avoid early failures

Psychological needs
Self-determination theory related to
psychological needs.
 Extrinsic motivation not strongly
related to well-being
 Wealth, fame and image.
 Well-being not enhanced by
achievement of extrinsic goals.

Ryan and Deci, p 75
“Exposure to commercial media
prompt a focus on materialism which
provides fleeting satisfactions.”
 May seek extrinsic rewards to
compensate for deficits in fulfilling
basic psychological needs.
 Extrinsic rewards are insufficient and
poor compensation.

Self actualization
Promote autonomy and competence.
 Encourage natural potential for
growth.
 Facilitating human achievement and
well-being
 Provide social environment to
support growth. “Hot house”
 Home, school, job.
