Transcript Defining Psychology

Welcome to
Psychology 101
Introductory Psychology
Instructor: Evette Samaan
Book: Myers, David G. (2002).
Exploring Psychology, 5th Edition.
E-mail: [email protected]
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History of Psychology
• Psychology is a fairly new science.
• Until the 19th century it was not recognized
as a separate field of study.
• The birth of psychology as a formal science
can be traced back to 1879.
• It was founded by Wilhelm Wundt in
Leipzig, Germany.
• The use of introspection
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Defining Psychology
• Psychology is the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes and how
they are affected by an organism’s physical
state, mental state, and external
environment.
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Specialties in Psychology
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Experimental Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Educational Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Industrial Psychology
Psychometric Psychology
Social Psychology
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Defining Personality
• Personality is a distinctive and stable
pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives,
and emotions that characterizes an
individual over time.
• This pattern reflects a particular
constellation of traits and characteristics
that describe the person across many
situations: shy, friendly, hostile, or brave.
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Measuring Personality
• Projective Tests
• Objective Tests
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Psychological Testing
Objective Tests
Projective Tests
Also called Inventories
Measure beliefs,
feelings, or behaviors
of which the
individual is aware
Have more reliability
and validity
Designed to tap
unconscious feelings
or motives
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1- Objective Tests
Inventories
• The Beck Depression Scale Inventory
• The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale
• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI)
• The Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory
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2- Projective Tests
• A psychodynamic measure of personality
• They attempt to measure unconscious
motives, feelings and conflicts.
• Example: Rorschach Inkblot Test – the
client reports what he sees in the inkblots
and the clinician interprets the answers
according to the symbolic meaning
emphasized by the psychodynamic theories.
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The Rorschach Projective Test
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Theories of Personality
• 1- The Trait Perspective
• 2- The Psychodynamic Perspective
• 3- The Social-Cognitive Learning
Theory
• 4- The Biological Theory
• 5- The Humanist and Existential
Theories
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1- Trait Perspective
Gordon Allport
(1897-1977)
• 1- Cardinal Traits
• Are of overwhelming importance to the
individual and influence almost everything
the person does.
• Example: nonviolence
Gandhi and Martin Luther King
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2- Central Traits
Reflect a characteristic way of behaving,
dealing with others, and reacting to new
situations.
Example: the person’s attitude towards the
world (negative or positive)
3- Secondary Traits
They include habits, opinions, and preferences
for colors or food, for example.
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The Big Five
• Introversion vs. Extroversion
• Neuroticism or Emotional
Instability
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness
• Openness to Experience
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• Which of the five robust factors enhance
the person’s well-being?
• Which of them inhibit the person’s wellbeing?
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2-The Psychodynamic Theories
(You Are What You Were)
Freud
Psychoanalysis
a- The Structure of Personality
b- Psychosexual Stages
c- Defense Mechanisms
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Freud, Psychoanalysis
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Structure of Personality
• Id:
• Pleasure principle
• Life & death instincts
• Immediate gratification
• Ego
• Reality Principle
• Superego
• Ego Ideal: moral and social standards
• Conscience: the inner voice
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Structure of Personality
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Psychosexual Stages
• 1- Oral Stage (0-2)
• 2- Anal Stage (2-3)
• 3- The Phallic Stage (3-6)
• 4- The Latency Stage (6-12)
• 5- The Genital Stage (12-18)
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Examine the life of a rapist in light
of Freud’s Psychosexual stages
and structure of personality.
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What happened during each stage?
Was he fixated at any stage?
What principle does he operate by?
What structure of personality is dominant?
What is his famous sentence?
Describe him in one word.
Is there a balance between the function of the id
and the superego? Why?
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Defense Mechanisms
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1- Repression
2- Projection
3- Displacement
4- Regression
5- Denial
6- Sublimation
7- Reaction Formation
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• Describe the condition this person is in,
in terms of:
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Defense mechanisms
The condition he/she is in
Whether he/she is liberated
Whether he/she has a clear understanding of the
concept of salvation and the new birth in Christ
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I Like It Here
They told me on the other side
Of the raging River of Change,
There is nowhere to hide.
But it sounds a bit strange,
Here my feelings are inside,
My heart has a guarded gate, what’s in can’t go
outside,
And no one can investigate.
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They told me on the other side
Everything will seem clear, turning
on the light inside
Will make the dark disappear.
But it is a long , long ride,
No, thank you my dear,
I need a place to hide.
So, since I like it here,
It’s here where I’ll reside.
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Change, I truly don’t know,
Why would I go to neverland
Just that I may grow?
Here I know where I stand,
I know how things will go.
Why must I leave my land
Drop my act for a new show?
Change is not drawing near,
’Cause I certainly like it here.
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Erik Erikson (1909-1994)
Psychosocial Stages
1- Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 ½)
2- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1 ½ -3)
3- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6)
4- Competence vs. Inferiority (6-12)
5- Identity vs. role confusion (12-18)
6- Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
7- Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle
adulthood)
8- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (older adulthood)
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Freud
Erikson
Psychosexual stages
5 stages of development
Sexual motivation
Psychosocial stages
8 developmental stages
Psychological and social
motivation
At each stage there is a
crisis that must be
resolved
Development is an
ongoing process
If issues aren’t resolved,
fixation occurs
End: sexually mature
adult (adolescence)
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• What happened to these people? In which stage
did the crisis occur?
Someone who is insecure
Someone with low self-esteem
Someone with an inferiority complex
Someone who’s shy
Someone who is insecure about his sexual
orientation
Someone who has difficulty establishing healthy
relationships
Someone with a midlife crisis
Someone who’s terrified of death
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3- The Social-Cognitive School
(You Are What You Think & Observe)
• 1- Locus of Control
• Julian Rotter
• 2- Self-efficacy
• Albert Bandura
• 3- Latent Learning
• Edward Tolman
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The Social-Cognitive School
Three Principles
• Learning
• Cognition
• Social Behavior
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Reciprocal Determinism
• Personal-cognitive factors
interact with the environment to
influence people’s behavior.
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Julian Rotter
Locus of Control
• Internal (Internals)
• External (Externals)
• Tend to believe they
are responsible for
what happens to
them
• Tend to believe that
they are victims of
luck, fate, or others
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Choose Your Locus of Control
• 1- a. Many of the unhappy situations are partly
due to bad luck.
b. People’s misfortunes result from mistakes
they make.
• 2- a. Becoming a success is a matter of hard
work; luck has little or nothing to do with it.
b. Getting a job depends mainly on being in
the right place at the right time.
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Reciprocal Determinism in
Locus of Control
• Expectations
Affect
• What happens
(environment &
behavior)
• What happens
Affect
• Expectations
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Albert Bandura
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Self-efficacy Is Derived from:
Experiences in mastering new
skills
Vicarious experiences provided
by successful people
Encouragement and persuasion
Physiological and emotional state
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Self-efficacy
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Reciprocal Determinism in
Self-efficacy
• Belief in your
abilities
Affects
• What happens to
you (Behavior &
environment)
• What happens to
you
Affects
• Your belief in your
abilities
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Social-Cognitive School
Julian Rotter A. Bandura
(1966, 82, 90) (1994, 1995)
E. Tolman
(1938)
External/Internal Self-efficacy
Locus of control
Latent Learning
Generalized Ex- Observation
pectancies
Imitation
Cognitive Map
Reciprocal
Determinism
Insight
Reciprocal
Determinism
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• Which comes first, the
biology or the belief?
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Biology
Belief
• Genesists
• Social Cognitive Theory
• You will be disposed to
seek out situations that
let you express your
biologically influenced
trait.
• You will seek situations
in which you believe you
can behave a certain
way.
• You are an active person
then you play sports
• You believe you’re good
in sports then you play
sports
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3- The Biological Perspective
(You Are What You’re Born)
1- Ethology
2- Developmental Neuroscience
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Ethological Theories
Konrad Lorenz
• Behavior is influenced by biology.
• Imprinting is the rapid, innate learning
within a limited period of time that
involves attachment to the first moving
object.
• Critical period is a very early period in
development in which certain behaviors
optimally occur.
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Developmental Neuroscience
The study of the development of brain
structures and the relations between brain
structures and functions and behavior
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5- The Humanist &
Existentialist Theories
• Abraham Maslow (19081970)
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
• Rollo May (1909-1994)
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Abraham Maslow
• Hierarchy of Needs
1- Safety & Physiological Needs
2- Emotional & Psychological Needs
3- Self-acctualization
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Carl Rogers
• Congruence
– Relationship between self and organism
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• Self-fulfillment
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Congruence
Self = Organism
Self
Organism
Your conscious view of
yourself
The way you want to be
based on peer,
parental, and societal
pressures
Sum of all of your
experiences
Who we really are
Others and the
environment give us
feedback on who we
really are
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Existentialism
Rollo May
• Difficult and Tragic Aspects of
the Human Condition
• Freedom of Choice
• Absence of any obvious
meaning or sense to life
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Which Approach is Right?
Consider the behavior of an alcoholic person.
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What led to this lifestyle?
What are the factors to be considered?
Biological
cultural
Social/family cognitive
Emotions
personality
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Song
The Greatest Love of All
I believe the children are our future;
Teach them well and let them lead the way.
Show them all the beauty they possess
inside.
Give them a sense of pride
to make it easier;
Let the children’s laughter
remind us how we used to be.
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Everybody is looking for a hero;
People need someone to look up
to.
I never found anyone who fulfilled
my needs;
A lonely place to be
And so I learned to depend on me.
I decided long ago
Never to walk in anyone’s shadow.
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If I fail, if I succeed,
At least I lived as I believe.
No matter what they take from me,
They can’t take away my dignity;
Because the greatest love of all
is happening to me.
I found the greatest love of all
inside of me.
The greatest love of all
is easy to achieve.
Learning to love yourself
Is the greatest love of all.
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What theory does the song represent?
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Is she self-actualized?
Did she have unconditional positive regard?
Where her psychological needs met?
What did she do with her free will?
What is her locus of control?
Describe her self-efficacy now.
Is she on her way to self-actualization, or she is
stuck somewhere in the hierarchy of needs?
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Who or Which Theory would most
likely State the Following Statements
Choose from the following:
Freud, Wilhelm Wundt, Psychodynamic
psychologist, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers,
Abraham Maslow, Bandura, Rotter, Lorenz,
existentialism, humanism, ecological,
Erikson, Skinner, Pavlov, social-learning,
Thorndike
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1- My theory emphasizes the unconscious dynamics within
the individual.
2- I reject that behavior is determined by unconscious
dynamics or the environment.
3- I say that people have freedom of choice, but this freedom
entails anxiety.
4- I believe that people can reach their full potential when
treated with unconditional positive regard.
5- I would like to call my psychology the “third force.”
6- My psychology compares the human brain to a computer.
7- I believe that fully functioning people show congruence or
harmony between self and organism.
8- According to me, sexuality is very important in
development.
9- I believe that people develop over the life span in 8 stages
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10-I talk about the hierarchy of needs.
11-I talk about imprinting.
12-People learn by observation and insight.
13-I talk about the locus of control.
14-I talk about the reciprocal determinism in selfefficacy.
15-I believe that the structure of personality consists
of the id, ego, and superego.
16-There are 4 levels of the environment:
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and
macrosystem.
17-The study of the relations between brain
structures and functions and behavior.
18-I established the first psychological lab.
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19-I talk about the law of effect.
20-I coined the expression “classical conditioning.”
21-I coined the expression “operant conditioning.”
22-Learning occurs in the environment in which
stimuli elicit responses.
23-I experimented with dogs to measure the amount
of saliva they produced when listening to the
sound of a bell.
24-I talk about 4 stages of cognitive development.
25-Children acquire knowledge in a quantitative as
well as qualitative manner.
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