Transcript Chapter 6
Chapter 6 Punishment Punishment Is a basic principle of behavior Is derived from basic and applied research May be a component of some behavior modification procedures Defining Punishment 1. The occurrence of a behavior 2. Is followed immediately be a consequence 3. The behavior is less likely to occur in the future (decrease in the future probability of the behavior) Present ---> Behavior is followed by a consequence Future ----> Behavior is less likely to occur What is Positive Punishment? 1. Following the behavior 2. A stimulus (aversive stimulus or punisher) is applied or presented 3. The behavior is less likely to occur in the future What is Negative Punishment? 1. Following the behavior 2. A stimulus (reinforcer) is withdrawn or removed 3. The behavior is less likely to occur in the future What is a Punisher? The stimulus that follows the behavior that results in a decrease in the future probability of the behavior Also called an aversive stimulus Reinforcers vs Punishers When a punisher is delivered following a behavior, the behavior is less likely to occur (decreases) in the future. (positive punishment) When a punisher is removed following a behavior, the behavior is more likely to occur (increases) in the future. (negative reinforcement) When a reinforcer is delivered following a behavior, the behavior is more likely to occur (increases) in the future. (positive reinforcement) When a reinforcer is removed following the behavior, the behavior is less likely to occur (decreases) in the future. (negative punishment) Unconditioned Punishers Events that have biological importance Punishers that require no conditioning to be effective Examples: painful stimuli, extreme levels of stimulation (heat, cold, auditory, visual) removal of unconditioned reinforcers Conditioned Punishers A previously neutral stimulus Is paired with an established punisher Becomes a punisher itself Examples of conditioned punishers ** “no”, reprimands, threats, warnings, facial expressions of disapproval ** Determined by their effect on the behavior Factors Influencing Punishment Immediacy Contingency Establishing operations Intensity Individual differences Potential Problems with Punishment Emotional reactions to punishment Negative reinforcement for the use of punishment Punishment and modeling Ethical issues