Transcript Animal Behavior & Experimental Design

Animal Behavior
& Experimental Design 
Chapter 51
AP Themes
AP Lab 11
Themes of AP Biology
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The following 8 themes should be
apparent to you over the course of the
course…
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Science as a Process
Evolution
Energy Transfer
Continuity and Change
Relationship of Structure to Function
Regulation
Interdependence in Nature
Science, Technology, & Society
So…Onto the Meat of the Matter
Animal Behavior
A.k.a. Ethology
 Refers to anything done for survival
 Categories
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Innate – inherited, developmentally fixed
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Instinctive – full behavioral response at first exposure
Learned – developed during one’s lifetime
Why study Animal Behavior?
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Evolutionary significance!
Part of one’s phenotype; affected by natural
selection
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Natural selection acts to maximize fitness
Innate Behaviors
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Fixed Action Patterns
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Sequence of behaviors that once triggered, continues
until their end
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Directed Movement: in response to stimuli
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Taxis – change in direction of movement
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Positive = toward a stimulus
Negative = away from a stimulus
Kinesis – change in rate of movement (nondirectional)
Migration
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Sign stimulus – triggers FAP
Complex, but innate; even captive birds exhibit
phenomenon called “migratory restlessness”
Imprinting
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Learning at sensitive period (critical age) that is rapid &
independent of behavioral consequences
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Filial imprinting – animal (bird) learns its parents
Sexual imprinting – animal learns traits of mates
Think-table-share
What are examples of innate behaviors you
have read about?
Innate Behaviors
Example: Fixed Action Pattern
Territoriality of male
stickleback
attack on red belly stimulus
court on swollen belly stimulus
Innate Behaviors
Example: Directed Movement
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Generally taxis is more
complicated than kinesis.
Descriptive terms include:
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Phototaxis (light)
Chemotaxis (chemicals)
Trophotaxis (food)
Many more!
Check out
http://www.sparknotes.co
m/biology/animalbehavior/
orientationandnavigation/s
ection1.html for a great
description!
Innate Behaviors
Migration: How do birds
know where to fly?
Imprinting: How do ducks
recognize their “mother?”
Learned Behaviors
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Associative Learning – association of a
stimulus with particular response
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Habituation – decrease/stoppage of response to
a stimulus when no consequence arises
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Think “The Boy Who Cried Wolf”
Latent Learning – knowledge is gained but not
applied until a later, necessary time
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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning – Trial & Error learning
Ex. Setting the table
Insight Learning – problem solving
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Very few animals are known to do this!
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Humans & other primates like chimpanzees
Think-table-share
What are examples of learned behaviors you
have read about?
Learned Behavior
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Classical Conditioning
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Connects a reflex
behavior with an
unrelated stimulus
Pavlov’s dogs
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Operant Conditioning
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Trial & Error
Connects voluntary
behavior with a reward
or punishment
Skinner Box – mouse learns to
associate pressing a lever with a
food reward
Social Behaviors
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Communication “Language”
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Song or sound
Dance (bee waggle dance communicates food)
Pheromones
Cooperation
 Agonistic Behaviors – threat and
submission rituals; usually symbolic
 Dominance Hierarchy – pecking order
 Altruistic Behavior – self-sacrifice for
betterment of the group
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Evolutionary advantage?
Social Behaviors
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Agonistic
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Cooperation
Communication & Pheromones
Female mosquitoes use CO2
concentrations to locate victims
The female lion lures male by spreading sex
pheromones, but also by posture & movements
AP Lab 11: Animal Behavior
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Overview:
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In this investigation you will observe the behavior of an
insect and design an experiment to investigate its
responses to environmental variables.
Objectives:
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Practice experimental design
Recognize that organism distribution occurs on a
resource gradient
Recognize the difference between a kinesis and a taxis
Measure the effects of environmental variables on
habitat selection in a controlled experiment
Describe some different types of insect mating behaviors
AP Lab 11 Pre-lab
Choose a lab group
 For homework you must
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Read & complete the documentation I provide
Visit the Prentice Hall Lab Bench website
Complete the post lab questions & online quiz
In class you will
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Design a CONTROLLED experiment with your
lab group
Design a method of analyzing your data
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Data charts, graphs, photos, etc.
Display your findings on a poster & present it
to your classmates
EXTRA CREDIT OPPORTUNITY!
We need pill bugs!
 Bring a container of pill bugs to class by
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Thursday, September 15, 2011
You should drop them off before school!
Be sure your bugs have
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AIR!
A moist substrate
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soil and damp paper towel works well
Food
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apple or potato slices work well
Practice Questions
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Which of the following
statements is false?
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a. Behavior patterns are
inherited.
b. Instinctive behavior
involves a complete
response to a key stimulus
the first time it is
encountered.
c. Behavior evolved as a
result of natural selection.
d. Reproductive success is
responsible for
perpetuating behavior
patterns.
e. The mechanisms
underlying instinctive and
learned behavior are the
same.
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The cells surrounding milkproducing cells in the
female mammary gland
contract shortly after the
female hears the cry of an
infant. This is an example
of
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a. a response that is not a
behavior.
b. instinctive behavior.
c. imprinting behavior.
d. learned behavior.
Practice Questions
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A cat explores all the
rooms of a new home even
though such exploration is
NOT rewarded. Later,
when the cat begins to feel
chilled, it goes directly to
the warmest room. This is
an example of
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a. classical conditioning.
b. echolocation.
c. latent learning.
d. imprinting.
e. all of these
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A child grabs a dog's ear,
and the dog responds by
biting the child. Both
behaviors are repeated
once again the next day,
and again a day later. The
child never grabs a dog's
ear again. This sequence of
events is an example of
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a. insight learning.
b. latent learning.
c. operant conditioning.
d. imprinting.
Practice Questions
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Horticulturists use
periodic discharges of
loud sounds to scare
birds away from their
fruit trees. After
several days birds can
be seen ignoring the
sounds due to
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a. habituation.
b. imprinting.
c. conditioning.
d. insight learning.
e. instinct.
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Humans, and other
primates , differ from
most animals in their
ability to learn by
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a. conditioning.
b. imprinting.
c. habituation.
d. insight.
e. latent learning.
AP Lab 11
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Animal Behavior
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You must understand
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You must collect
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Kinesis
Taxis
Controls & Variables
Ants
Pillbugs (rolly pollies)
You must design
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A CONTROLLED experiment
A “choice chamber”
A clear measurement scheme
Sample Choice Chamber
Sample Data Chart
Time in Minutes
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
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6.5
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7.5
8.0
5
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1
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2
1
0
# of Pill Bugs in Light
Chamber
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# of Pill Bugs in Dark
Chamber
Sample Graph
# of Pill Bugs in Chamber
Preference of Pill Bugs for Dark vs. Light
12
10
8
light
6
dark
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2
0
0
60
120
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240
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Time (seconds)
360
420
480