Transcript Foundations of individual behavior

Dirección de Proyectos Informáticos
Foundations of
individual behavior
Objective
•
•
•
•
•
Relacionar satisfacción y productividad
¿qué es la disonancia cognoscitiva?
Relación entre actitud y comportamiento
5 variables de la personalidad y desempeño
Porque dos personas pueden ver lo mismo e
interpretarlo como cosas distintas
• Teoría de la atribución
• Proceso de aprendizaje.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
1
Some psychology concepts
Attitudes
learning
Personality
Perception
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
2
Attitudes
• Evaluative statements–either favorable
or unfavorable- concerning objects,
people or events
• We are interested in attitudes about
the work…
– “I like my job”
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
3
Attitudes: Job satisfaction
Positive
Attitudes
Negative
Attitudes
Job
Satisfaction
Job
Dissatisfaction
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
4
Attitudes: …What determines
job Satisfaction ?
–
–
–
–
Mentally challenging work
Equitable rewards
Supportive working conditions
Supportive colleagues-
• People want jobs were:
– They can apply their abilities an capacities
– Task variety
– Freedom and feedback
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
5
Attitudes: ..what determines
Job Satisfaction?
Satisfaction
Frustration
None
objectives
A lot
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
6
Attitudes: Job Satisfaction
• People expect more than material…
• People seeks:
–
–
–
–
Personal communications
Friendship
Support from other people
(socializes)
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
7
Productivity and job satisfaction
• The more satisfaction are more
productive?
–…
– It’s not clear…
– Ti has same effects
• Other factors have more influence… as
working in a chain
• But productivity provides satisfaction
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
8
Cognitive dissonance
• Any incompatibility between two or more
attitudes or between behavior and attitudes.
• people will attempt to reduce the dissonance
and, hence the discomfort
• Way to reduce dissonance:
–
–
–
–
–
Change the job
Change the behavior
…it's unimportant
Change the attitude
Seek more consonant elements
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
9
Cognitive dissonance
• Factors
– uncontrollable…
– Rewards…
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
10
Personality
• The sum total of ways in
which an individual
reacts to an interact
with others.
• Sixteen primary traits:
– Reserved - Outgoing
– Less intelligent - More
intelligent
– Affected by feelingsEmotionally stable
– Submissive - Dominant
– Serious – Happy-go-lucky
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Expedient - conscientious
Timid - Venturesome
Tough-minded - Sensitive
Trusting - Suspicious
Practical - Imaginative
Forthright - Shrewd
Self_assured apprehensive
ConservativeExperimenting
Group dependent –
Self_sufficient
Uncontrolled - Controlled
Relaxed - Tense
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
11
Indicador de tipos MyersBriggs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Extroverted - Introverted (E o I)
Sensing - Intuitive (S o N)
thinking - felling (T o F)
Perceiving - judging (P o J)
INTJ (Visionaries,… determined)
ESTJ (Organizers,…)
ENTP (Conceptualizer,…)
NTs (Business people supersuccessful firms)
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
12
Personality: The big five
model.
• Extraversion:
– sociable, talkative and assertive.
• Agreeableness:
– Good natured, cooperative and trusting.
• Conscientiousness:
– responsible, dependable, persistent and achievement oriented
• Emotional stability:
– Calm, enthusiastic, secure (positive) vs. tense, nervous,
depressed, and insecure (negative).
• Openness to experience:
– Imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity and intellectualism
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
13
Major personality attributes
influencing OB
• Locus of control
•
•
•
•
•
•
– Internals
– Externals
Machiavellianism
self esteem
Self monitoring
Risk taking
Type A personality
Type B personality
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
14
Typology of personality
• Realistic:
– physical activities, require skill, strength, and
coordination
– Shy, genuine/ persistent, stable, conforming,
practical
– Mechanic, drill press operator, assembly line
worker, farmer
• Investigative
– activities that involve thinking, organizing, and
understanding
– Analytical, original, curious, independent
– Biologist, economist, mathematician, news reporter
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
15
Typology of personality
• Social:
– activities that involve helping and developing others
– Sociable, friendly, cooperative, understanding
– Social worker, teacher, counselor, clinical
psychologist
• Conventional:
– rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities
– Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative,
inflexible
– Accountant, corporate manager, bank teller, file
clerk
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
16
Typology of personality
• Enterprising:
– verbal activities where there are opportunities to
influence others and attain power
– Self-confident, ambitious, energetic, domineering
– Lawyer, real estate agent, public relations
specialist, small business manager
• Artistic:
– ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow
creative expression
– Imaginative, disorderly, idealistic, emotional,
impractical
– Painter, musician, writer, interior decorator
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
17
Matching personalities and
Jobs
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
18
Perception
• A process by which individuals organize and
interpret their sensory impressions in order
to give meaning to their environment
• Factors influencing perception:
– The perceiver,
• Attitudes, motives, interest, experience, expectations
– The target
• Novelty, motion, sounds, size, background, proximity
– The situation
• Time, work setting, social setting
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
19
Attribution theory
• When we observe people we attempt to
develop explanations of why they behave
in certain ways.
• When individuals observe behavior, they
attempt to determine whether it is
internally or externally caused.
• Internally: under control of individual.
• Externally: outside causes.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
20
Attribution theory
• Determination depends on:
– Distinctiveness
• Different behaviors in different situations.
– As usually or he don’t use to do this.
– Consensus
• Everyone do the same in this situation.
– Consistency
• Does the person respond the same over time?
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
21
Attribution theory
• There is a tendency for individuals to
attribute their own success to internal
factors such as ability or effort while putting
the blame for failure on external factors as
luck.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
22
Shortcuts in judging others
• Selective perception
– People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of
their interest, background, experience, and attitudes.
• Contrast effects
– Comparison with otter people about same characteristic.
• projection
– Attributing one’s own characteristics to he other people.
• Stereotyping
– Perception of the group to which that person belongs.
• Halo effect
– Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis
or a single characteristic.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
23
Learning
• Any relatively permanent change in
behavior that occurs as result of
experience.
• How do we learn?
– Classical conditioning
• Behavior depends on consequences (money,
smiles,…)
– Positive consequences: repeat.
– Negative consequences: do no repeat.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
24
Learning
conditioning
comportamiento
Environme
nt
Shaping
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
25
Learning
• Operant conditioning
– slow, rewards, punishment.
– Test and fail
• Shaping
– By observing what happens to other people.
– Quick
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
26
Bibliography:
• Robbins, Comportamiento Organizativo,
Prentice Hall, 1999.
GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior
27