Transcript WELCOME STUDENTS

WELCOME STUDENTS
Dr B’s Lifespan
Development
THE PEOPLE AND THE FIELD
MARKERS SHAPING DEVELOPMENT
Impact of socioeconomic status
developed and developing world
Impact of culture
collectivist and individualistic societies
!!!!!IMPACT OF COHORT!!!
Cohorts traveling through time:
Scanning our evolving life-span
Changing conceptions of children
and childhood middle ages-21st century
Life gets easier and we can have childhood
EDUCATION EXTENDS CHILDHOOD
MA
l900
l940s------today
adult at?------3--------primary school------high school/-Teenagerhood---------- 25ish-
Changing conceptions of the aged and
Elderly Colonial era-21st century
(20th century life expectancy revolution;Young old-old old; maximum lifespan)
20TH CENTURY LIFE EXPECTANCY
REVOLUTION
When it (mainly) happened (early 20th century)
1900-1930s approx= added 25+ years to life!!
• Shift from infectious to chronic disease
• People living to later life
THE YOUNG OLD and OLD OLD
• from frisky (60s & 70s) to frail 80+
Maximum lifespan= the longest you can live
Scanning life-expectancy in the developed world
Why do women outlive men?
Why do so many nations live longer than us?
Is the 20th century life expectancy revolution reversing?
Changing conceptions of adulthood,
final third of the 20th century
(Baby boom cohort b 1946-61ish)
TRACKING THE BABY BOOM
1950s----------(born/child)
l960s ------------------------
teens
THE 60s lifestyle revolutions
2013
2030
young old
old-old
The age boom arrives
THE 60s lifestyle REVOLUTIONS: An in depth view
• Women’s movement= women and men are “equal” at work; no
defined gender roles in the family (theoretically)
• Sexual revolution= you can have sex before marriage; no sexual
double standard= women are allowed to have sex too! ( a note:
the civil rights movement; What is the last freedom movement?
The 60’s family revolution: downsides
Great increase in divorce
More women in their 20s give birth outside of
marriage than within=
Great increase in child poverty
A note on The GREAT Recession of 2008; and
income inequalities
Housing bubble meltdown;
Drop in spending; layoffs;
Unemployment
Part-time/wants to be full time
Income inequalities: Richest fifth
richer( L) very rich much richer(R)
LENSES FOR INTERPRETING THE
LIFESPAN: THEORIES
General theories of behavior and the nature/
nurture perspective
Nature= heredity
Nurture= the environment
Traditional Behaviorism
Emphasis on finding basic laws; who we are is shaped by nurture; no
definite changes “with age
Operant conditioning==get reinforced, learn
Schedules of reinforcement
Variable schedule= get reinforced irregularly, so keep going
Applications of traditional behaviorism/variable reinforcement to
everything from childrearing, to staying with your spouse, to living in a
nursing home
BASIC BEHAVIORAL PRINCIPLES SUMMARIZED
* it’s the reinforcer’s fault not the person’s.. In
other words people are not basically good or bad
(they easily change if we change the reinforcers)
* to extinguish “bad” behavior be consistent.
Never give in
• to cement “good” behavior in you need to fail
(but only sometimes)
• Pay attention to positive behavior (ignore
negative behavior== AKA use time out!)
Social learning theory/cognitive behaviorism -human beings as thinkers
A note on modeling
who we model
How modeling changes with age
Self-efficacy– “I can do it if I work”
Using efficacy feelings to predict
school motivation
feelings of confidence in romance
Enhancing efficacy in kids and you
A note on Attachment theory
love== everything; love you get early in life
determines how you will love; Bowlby’s appeal==
nurture (parenting/caregiving imp.) + nature (attachment response built
into our human…and animal..biology… to keep us safe..)
Nature makes a comeback: behavioral
genetics
A historical look at the nature/nurture debate
0------------------------------- -l950’s/60s------------------- l970s-80’s
Nature (blood/rank at birth) Behaviorism/nurture
“the aristocracy”
Hitler as an object lesson
“the master race”
Beh genetics
nature is A LOT!!
Exploring the medication revolution
Exploring Behavioral genetic research
Twin and adoption studies-- their rationale;
their method; the findings
Twin studies described:
•
Identical twins== same egg and sperm then split (genetic clones)
•
Fraternals= 2 different egg and sperm unite; (like siblings)
Adoption studies described;
Compare adopted children with biological parents and adoptive parents.
Thomas
Me and my husband
Maureen
If more like bio parents (Maureen) its____________
If more like adoptive parents (my husband and I) its__________
Twin/adoption studies described
Adopted at birth and go to DIFFERENT families!
Scanning the amazing findings
WHERE WE ARE TODAY: NATURE AND
NURTURE COMBINE.
Our nature (biology) shapes our nurture (environment)
evocative/active interaction
we select our environments to fit our talents (active)
our personality evokes certain responses from others (evocative).
Paranoid people have enemies
Loving people live in a caring world
(Implications: as nature + nurture go together
what start out as small differences become huge..
as we develop and grow into adulthood)
Nature and nurture interact
Bidirectional influences children shape parents, spouses shape
each other; teachers shape students; students shape teachers etc
Fit environment to “best” self (person environment
fit)== success
Postscript: Human Genetics can change!!
(via nurture=the environment)
Exploring the (tentative)
triumph of our better angels
Exploring the reality of the Flynn effect
THE “STAGES LINKED TO AGE” POINT
OF VIEW
Piaget's cognitive developmental approach
learning through acting; qualitatively different stages
of thinking; child’s world view is totally unlike our own (
Erikson’s psychosocial stages
Emphasis on the developing self and
relationships
Age- linked developmental tasks
A sampler (basic trust; auton
A summary
Putting it all together: developmental systems
theory
TOOLS FOR STUDYING THE LIFESPAN:
RESEARCH METHODS
Why do research?
Designing a standard quantitative study .
Getting a hypothesis (moms who hit have kids
who hit)
1) Measuring your concepts
Naturalistic observation=watching the behavior (+s –’s)
self reports= taking questionnaires (+s-’s)
observer assessments= having experts rate behavior (+s-s)
Selecting your design—two types of
research
Correlational research -- finding relationships
(what other forces could be causing the
relationship between hitting moms & agg.
kids?)
Experimental research-- determining causes
(Could you randomly assign kids to diff moms?)
How an experiment looks
Measuring development: two approaches
Cross sectional studies
(Diff ages at same time)
2013
age group 20
40
60
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES + follow one or more groups
2013
2033
2053
at age 20---------------40---------------60
Longitudinal study fun facts: A sampler
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT= step 1 getting to
fertilization and implantation
Step 2= Making a baby= the embryonic
stage(cephalocaudal, proximodistal, mass to
specific principles )
Step 3= Fetal stage; massive growth;
making a brain
Pregnancy from the mother’s (and dad’s) point
of view
landmarks of the trimesters
1-12---------------------------- 12-26---------------------27-40
morning sickness
quickening
BIG
miscarriage
ultrasound
live BIRTH
The Emotional Context of Pregnancy
pregnancy support
pregnancy fears
problems getting pregnant (and keeping the baby)
assisted reproductive technologies
BIRTH COMPLICATIONS
problems with getting the baby out(see drawing)
Being born too soon
Preterm labor; very low birth weight; neonatal intensive care
A history of childbirth and the growth of the
natural childbirth movement
Early 1900s (getting it together)— late l960s (au naturel comes
on strong)--- today (a variety of choices
Issues and questions around birth
technologies vs natural approaches
poverty, childbirth and infant mortality
(c-sections; infant mortality)
INFANCY (O-3)
Developing Brain
synaptogenesis;mylenation; blossoming and pruning phases;
frontal lobes
Brain plasticity and its limits
Fascinating brain fun facts
Basic states 1: Eating
From newborn reflexes to 2 year old food cautions
Social issues and Eating
rooting/sucking reflex
breast feeding; stunting)
Stunting and malnutrition: A deeper look
at the developing world and U.S.
Basic States 2: Crying and Sleeping
crying changes; how to quiet a crying baby
sleeping changes; how to GET THAT KID TO SLEEP!!
Colic; Kangaroo care; self-soothing
Sensory and motor processes 1: vision
The remarkable things newborns know about faces
the remarkable things we learn NOT to see
seeing and fearing heights
(Visual cliff)
Focus on moving
developmental milestones (and remarkable variability!)
4----------------------6----------------------------------------- -1ish
lifts head (pushup phase) scooting and its fab variations
WALKING
Safety issues (baby proofing)
Piaget’s sensory motor stage
growth of sensory-motor thought
circular reactions (primary, secondary, tertiary) little scientist behavior
ition (Piaget’s sensory- motor stage)
*The growth of sensory motor thought:
learning by acting; stages of thinking
(Circular reactions—primary, secondar
tertiary—little scientist behavior)
*The evolution of the object concept an
means-end behavior
Piaget’s sensory motor stage cont.
growth of object permanence
A not B error
means end- behavior
Language and social cognition
Tracking emerging language
Can babies understand emotions?
(infant directed speech--IDS)
Attachment: the motor of human (and
animal) life
Making the case
The dance of attachment and the growth of the
attachment response
dance--separation anxiety; stranger anxiety; clearcut
attachment
__________ 7-8_______________________3
_
Secure and insecure attachment
characteristics
causes
Deviations from the attachment norm
No caring caregivers= Entering the Romanian orphanages;
Multiple caring caregivers: the Elf
Day care
scanning the state
day care
preschool
Choosing Day care
Toddlerhood
The basic challenge: Autonomy (and socialization)
Toddler temperaments: being exuberant and being shy
Temperament Summaries