Transcript DNA Technology - Loyalsock Township School District

Ch. 51
Sensory Inputs can Stimulate Simple
and Complex Behaviors
Behavior
• An action carried out by muscles under control of the
nervous system in response to a stimulus
(Proximate causation)
1. What stimulus elicits the behavior and what
physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
2. How does the animal’s experience during growth and
development influence the response?
(Ultimate Causation)
3. How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
4. What is the behavior's evolutionary history?
Fixed Action Patterns
FAP
• Sequence of unlearned
acts directly linked to
a simple stimulus
Sign Stimulus
• External cue that
triggers a FAP
Migration
Regular, long-distance
change in location
How is this done? What
are the clues?
• Sun
• Stars
• Magnetic field
– Magnetite
– Photoreceptors in the eye
Animal Signals and Communication
Signal
• Stimulus
transferred from
one individual to
another
Communication
• Transmission and
reception of signals
Pheromones
• Used by animals
that communicate
through odors or
tastes
Animal Signals and Communication
Round Dance
Waggle Dance
Experience and Behavior
Innate Behavior
• Behavior that is developmentally fixed
• Displayed by all members despite internal and
environmental differences
Learning
• Modification of behavior based on specific experiences
• Imprinting
• Spatial Learning
• Cognitive Maps
• Associative Learning
• Cognition
• Social learning
Learning
Imprinting
• Formation at a specific stage in life
of a long-lasting behavioral
response to a particular individual
or object
• Includes both learned and innate
components
• Sensitive period
– Limited developmental phase when
this type of learning can occur
Learning
Spatial Learning
• Spatial variation exists in
every environment
• Establishment of a
memory that reflects the
environment’s spatial
structure
• Cognitive Maps
– A representation in the
nervous system of the spatial
relationships between
object’s in an animal’s
surroundings
Learning
Associative Learning
• Ability to associate one
environmental stimulus with
another
• Classical conditioning
– Pavlov’s dogs
• Operant conditioning
– Skinner box
Learning
Cognition
• Process of knowing
that involves
awareness, reasoning,
recollection and
judgment
• Problem solving
– Cognitive activity of
devising a method to
proceed from one state
to another in the face
of real or apparent
obstacles
Learning
Social learning
• Learning through
observing others
Foraging Behavior
Foraging
• Activities an animal
uses to search for,
recognize, and capture
food items
Optimal foraging model
• Natural selection
should favor a model
that minimizes the
cost of foraging and
maximizes the
benefits
Balancing Risk and
Reward
Mating Behavior and Mate Choice
Mating Behavior
• Seeking/attracting mates, choosing
among potential mates, competing
for mates, caring for offspring
Promiscuous
• Mating with no strong pair bonds
Monogamous
• Mating with strong pair bonds
Polygamous
• An individual of one sex mating
with several of the opposite sex
• Polygyny (single male)
• Polyandry (single female)
Altruism
A behavior that reduces an animal’s individual fitness but
increases the fitness of other individuals in the population
Inclusive fitness
• Total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by
producing its own offspring AND by providing aid that
enables other close relatives, who share many of those genes,
to produce offspring
Reciprocal altruism
• Explains altruism that occurs between unrelated humans
• Rare in other animals