Transcript Developmental Theories

Developmental Theories
Overview (Chapter 1)
Understanding the Life Span
• Two Types of Development
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– Individual Development
Developmental Issues
• Nature vs. Nurture
• Stability vs. Change
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Understanding the Life Span
• Developmental Processes Are Split:
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The Nature of Development
• Biological Processes
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• Cognitive Processes
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• Socioemotional Processes
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Understanding the Life Span
• Development Also Split
Into Periods:
– Prenatal
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– Early Adulthood
– Early Childhood
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– Late Adulthood
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• Ecological Systems
Approach
– Stresses fluctuations and
transitions – the
dynamic synthesis of
multiple levels of
analysis
– Relatively new
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Understanding the Life Span
• Characteristics of the Life Span Perspective
– Lifelong
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– Multidirectional
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– Multidisciplinary
– Multicultural
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Development - Lifelong
• Research on all phases of development
• Upper limit of Human Lifespan is
• Upper limit of Human Life Expectancy is
Development - Multidimensional
• A continual change of the individual
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– Physically
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– Emotionally
Development - Multidirectional
• Some abilities increase while others decrease
– Ability to learn primary versus secondary
languages
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– Closeness of romantic relationship versus nonromantic relationships
Development - Plastic
• Developmental abilities do change over time
• What developmental aspects are fixed, and
which ones can be changed?
Development - Multidisciplinary
• Development is not only studied by
psychologists – it is not only IMPORTANT to
psychologists
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Development - Multicultural
• Culture changes over time / geographical location
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– Resistance of specific cultural norms
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– What developmental milestones are present in one
culture, but not others?
Development - Contextual
• Development occurs within a given context
• Contexts change over time
– Normative Age – Graded Influence
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– Normative History – Graded Influence
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– Non - Normative Life Events
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Theories of Development
• Psychoanalytic Theories
– Freud
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– Erikson
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• Proposed 8 distinct stages of development
Erikson’s Theory of Development
• Divided into 8 stages:
– Trust v Mistrust (
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– Autonomy v Shame and Doubt (
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( 3 yrs – 5 yrs)
– Industry v Inferiority (6 yrs – onset of puberty)
Erikson’s Theory of Development
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• Intimacy v Isolation (
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(40’s, 50’s)
• Integrity v Despair (60 +)
Theories of Development
• Cognitive Theories
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Piaget’s Theory
• Stage Theory
– Sensorimotor Stage (infancy – 2 yrs)
– Preoperational Stage (
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(7 yrs -11 yrs)
– Formal Operational (
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Vygotsky’s Theory
• Development is fueled through social contact
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Information Processing Theory
• Development follows a gradual incline
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Theories of Development
• Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories
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B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
• Focused only on overt behavior
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A. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
• Based developmental scheme on
observational learning
– Involves three components –
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Theories of Development
• Epigenetic Theory
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