Transcript Document
Animals:
The Chordata Phylum Review
Chapters 30-32:
AP Biology
Chordata
Vertebrates
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
hollow dorsal
nerve cord
internal bony skeleton
backbone encasing
becomes brain
& spinal cord
spinal column
skull-encased brain
deuterostome
becomes gills or
Eustachian tube
pharyngeal
pouches
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postanal
becomes tail tail
or tailbone
becomes
vertebrae
notochord
450 mya
salmon, trout, sharks
Vertebrates: Fish
Characteristics
gills
body structure
bony & cartilaginous skeleton
jaws & paired appendages (fins)
scales
body function
gills for gas exchange
two-chambered heart;
single loop blood circulation
ectotherms
reproduction
external fertilization
external development in
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aquatic egg
body
Transition to Land
Evolution of tetrapods
Humerus
Femur
Pelvis
Tibia
Ulna
Shoulder
Radius
Lobe-finned fish
Fibula
Pelvis
Femur
Humerus
Tibia
Fibula
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Early amphibian
Ulna
Shoulder
Radius
350 mya
frogs
salamanders
toads
Vertebrates: Amphibian
Characteristics
lung
body structure
legs (tetrapods)
moist skin
buccal
cavity
glottis
closed
body function
lungs (positive pressure) &
diffusion through skin for gas exchange
three-chambered heart;
veins from lungs back to heart
ectotherms
reproduction
external fertilization
external development in aquatic egg
metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
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250 mya
Vertebrates: Reptiles
Characteristics
dinosaurs, turtles
lizards, snakes
alligators, crocodile
body structure
dry skin, scales, armor
body function
lungs for gas exchange
thoracic breathing; negative pressure
three-chambered heart
ectotherms
leathery
reproduction
shell
embryo
amnion
internal fertilization
external development in
amniotic egg
chorion
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allantois
yolk sac
150 mya
Vertebrates: Birds (Aves)
finches, hawk
ostrich, turkey
Characteristics
body structure
feathers & wings
thin, hollow bone;
flight skeleton
body function
very efficient lungs & air sacs
four-chambered heart
endotherms
reproduction
internal fertilization
external development in
amniotic egg
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trachea
lung
anterior
air sacs
posterior
air sacs
220 mya / 65 mya
Vertebrates: Mammals
Characteristics
body structure
hair
specialized teeth
mice, ferret
elephants, bats
whales, humans
body function
muscles
contract
lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure
four-chambered heart
diaphragm
endotherms
contracts
reproduction
internal fertilization
internal development in uterus
nourishment through placenta
birth live young
mammary glands make milk
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Vertebrates: Mammals
Sub-groups
monotremes
egg-laying mammals
lack placenta & true nipples
duckbilled platypus, echidna
marsupials
pouched mammals
offspring feed from nipples in pouch
short-lived placenta
koala, kangaroo, opossum
placental
true placenta
nutrient & waste filter
shrews, bats, whales, humans
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Vertebrate quick check…
Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?
Which vertebrates are covered with scales?
What adaptations do birds have for flying?
What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?
Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which
are endothermic
Why must amphibians live near water?
What reproductive adaptations made mammals
very successful?
What characteristics distinguish the 3 subgroups of mammals?
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Comparing Chordates
Chapter 33:
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Evolutionary Trends in Vertebrates
Adaptive Radiation: process by
which a single species or small
group of species evolves into
several different forms that live in
different ways
Rapid growth in the diversity of a
group of organisms
Convergent Evolution: process by
which unrelated organisms
independently evolve similarities
when adapting to similar
environments
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Body Temperature & Homeostasis
The control of body temperature is
important for maintaining homeostasis
in vertebrates…
Particularly in habitats where
temperature varies widely within time of
day and with season
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Body Temperature & Homeostasis
Ectotherm: animal that
relies on interactions
with the environment to
help it control body
temperature (“cold
blooded”)
Reptiles, fishes and
amphibians
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Body Temperature & Homeostasis
Endotherm: animal
that generates its own
body heat and
controls its body
temperature from
within (“warm
blooded”)
Birds and mammals
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Feeding
Skulls and teeth adapted for feeding
on a much wider assortment of
foods
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Respiration
Aquatic chordates: tunicates, fishes,
and amphibian larvae
GILLS
Land vertebrates: adult amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals
LUNGS
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Circulation
Single-loop
Circulation
Double-loop
Circulation
Heart Chambers
(3 or 4)
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Excretion
Carried out by the
kidneys
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Response
Nonvertebrate chordates
have a relatively simple
nervous system with a mass
of nerve cells that form a
brain
Vertebrates have a more
complex brain with distinct
regions, each with a
different function
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Movement
The skeletal and
muscular system
support a
vertebrate’s body
and make it possible
to control movement
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Reproduction
Almost all chordates reproduce sexually
Oviparous: eggs develop outside the
mother’s body
Ovoviviparous: eggs develop within the
mother’s body –young born alive
Viviparous: embryos obtain nutrients directly
from the mother’s body-young born alive
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Animal Behavior
Chapter 34:
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Elements of Behavior
Behavior: the way an organism reacts to changes
in its internal condition or external environment
Stimulus: any kind of detectable sign that carries
information
Response: single, specific reaction to a stimulus
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Types of Stimuli
Light
Sound
Odors
Heat
THE SENSES
Some are different for different animals; i.e.
echolocation in dolphins
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How Animals Respond
When an animal
responds to a stimulus,
the body systems…
sense organs
nervous system
muscles
…interact to produce
the resulting behavior
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Behavior and Evolution
Innate Behavior: instinct, or inborn
behavior; behavior that appears in a
fully functional form the first time it is
performed
Learned Behavior: behavior that is
altered as a result of experience
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Learned Behavior
Habituation
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Insight learning
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Habituation
Learning process by which an animal
decreases or stops its response to a
repetitive stimulus that neither rewards
nor harms it
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Classical Conditioning
Learning process in
which an animal
makes a mental
connection between
a stimulus and some
kind of reward or
punishment
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Operant Conditioning
Learning process in
which an animal learns to
behave in a certain way
through repeated practice,
in order to receive a
reward or avoid
punishment
Trial-and-error learning
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Insight Learning
Learning process in
which an animal
applies something it
has already learned to a
new situation without a
period of trial and error
Reasoning
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Imprinting
Learning based on
early experience
Once imprinting
has occurred, the
behavior cannot be
changed
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Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
Courtship
Social Behavior
Competition and Aggression
Communication
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Behavioral Cycles
Many animals respond to periodic changes in
the environment with daily or seasonal cycles
of behavior
Migration: periodic movement and return of
animals from one place to another
Circadian Rhythm: behavioral
cycle that occurs in a daily
pattern; i.e. sleep
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Courtship
Type of behavior in which an
animal sends out stimuli…
Sounds
Visual displays, or
Chemicals
…in order to attract a member
of the opposite sex
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Social Behavior
Usually members of a society
are related to one another
Related individuals share a
large proportion of each other’s
genes
Helping a relative survive
increases the chance that the
genes an individual shares with
that relative will be passed
along to offspring
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Competition and Aggression
Territory: specific
area occupied and
protected by an
animal or group of
animals
Aggression:
threatening behavior
that one animal uses
to gain control over
another
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Communication
Passing of information from
one organism to another
Visual signals
Chemical signals
Sound signals
Language**
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Animal Behavior Terminology
Behavior
Anything an animal does in response to a
stimulus in its environment
Innate behavior
Inherited behavior of animals (instinctive)
Ex. The way a toad catches its prey.
Fight-or-flight response
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Preparation of the body to either fight or run
from the danger
Controlled by hormones
Animal Behavior Terminology
Instinct
A complex pattern of innate behavior that begins
with a stimulus and continues until all responses
have been completed
Ex. Migration, aggressive behavior, courtship
behavior, circadian rhythm, and territorial
behavior
Circadian rhythm
A 24-hour cycle of behavior, cycle of sleeping and
wakefulness
Mimicry
The resemblance of one organism to another or to
an object in its surroundings for concealment and
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protection from predators
Animal Behavior Terminology
Migration
The instinctive seasonal movement of animals
Ex. Birds, Pacific salmon
Hibernation
A state in which the body temperature drops
substantially, oxygen consumption decreases,
and breathing rates decline to a few breaths per
minute in order to conserve energy
Ex. Bears
Habituation
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A repeated stimulus that the animal finally
ceases to respond to
Animal Behavior Terminology
Imprinting
When an animal at a critical time of its life
forms a social attachment to another object
Ex. Ducklings attachment to its mother
Conditioning
Learning by association
Insight
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Learning when an animal uses previous
experiences to respond to a new situation