Transcript Cate hears a funny ticking sound when she presses the gas

Cate hears a funny ticking sound when she presses the gas pedal
in her car. She hasn't noticed it before and she turns off the radio
and leans forward in order to hear it better. Cate's shift in attention
illustrates the behaviour that psychologists refer to as:
1. desensitization.
2. conditioned
inhibition.
3. an orienting
response.
4. habituation.
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A month ago the Cavanaugh family brought a new kitten home. Every time
anyone made any sound or went to touch the kitten while it was eating, the
kitten would scurry away. Now, the children can play right next to the kitten
while it is eating and the kitten doesn't seem to notice. The kitten's change
in responsiveness illustrates the learning process known as:
1. stimulus
generalization.
2. shaping.
3. habituation.
4. sensitization.
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In classical conditioning, an environmental
event that only elicits an observable reaction
after training or experience is referred to as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
a conditioned stimulus.
an unconditioned
response.
a conditioned response.
an unconditioned
stimulus.
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Lionel never used to worry about driving in the snow until he skidded off
the highway one morning during a heavy snowfall. As the back end of the
car started to fishtail Lionel's heart started to race and he became terrified.
Now he finds that just getting into his car when there is snow falling causes
him to become extremely agitated. In this example of classical
conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is:
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2.
3.
4.
the agitation that Lionel feels
when he gets into the car on
snowy days.
Lionel's increased heart rate as
the car slipped on the icy road.
getting into the car when there
is snow falling.
the car sliding on the icy
roadway.
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Research has shown that the most effective
classical conditioning association will form when
the unconditioned stimulus occurs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
soon after the
unconditioned response.
just before the
conditioned response.
soon after the conditioned
stimulus.
just before the
conditioned stimulus.
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Nicolaus and Nellis used classical conditioning to develop a taste
aversion in mongooses. They allowed the animals to eat eggs that
had been laced with carboachol, which caused the animals to
become ill. Later, the mongooses showed an aversion to eggs. In
this example of classical conditioning, the taste of the eggs was:
1. an unconditioned
response.
2. a conditioned
response.
3. an unconditioned
stimulus.
4. a conditioned
stimulus.
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In classical conditioning, secondorder conditioning occurs when:
1.
2.
3.
4.
a novel stimulus produces a
response that is different from the
response produced by a
conditioned stimulus.
a conditioned response develops
that is opposite to the
unconditioned response.
an established conditioned
stimulus is used to condition a
second neutral stimulus.
an unconditioned response
develops that is opposite to the
conditioned response.
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In classical conditioning, when a novel stimulus
produces a response that is different from the response
that already occurs to a conditioned stimulus, the
process that is at work is referred to as:
1. stimulus
generalization.
2. aversive conditioning.
3. conditioned inhibition.
4. stimulus
discrimination.
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In classical conditioning,
extinction refers to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
learning that an event signals the
absence or non-occurrence of the
unconditioned stimulus
a procedure which uses an established
conditioned stimulus to condition a
response to a second, neutral stimulus
a loss of responding that results from
the repeated presentation of a
conditioned stimulus without an
unconditioned stimulus
the return of a conditioned response
that had been extinguished, after a
period of non-exposure to the
conditioned stimulus
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Conditioned inhibition is:
1.
2.
3.
4.
the return of a conditioned response
that had been extinguished, after a
period of non-exposure to the
conditioned stimulus.
a loss of responding that results from
the repeated presentation of a
conditioned stimulus without an
unconditioned stimulus.
learning that an event signals the
absence or non-occurrence of the
unconditioned stimulus.
a procedure which uses an established
conditioned stimulus to condition a
response to a second, neutral stimulus.
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Every time Harriet cried her mother would immediately
pick her up. Now Harriet is a real crybaby. Based on
what is known about operant conditioning, you should
conclude that, for Harriet, being picked up acted as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
a conditioned stimulus for
crying.
a negative reinforcer for
crying.
a positive reinforcer for
crying.
an unconditioned stimulus
for crying.
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In operant conditioning, escape
conditioning occurs when an animal or
person learns that a response will:
1.
2.
3.
4.
have no consequences.
produce some type of
unpleasant event or
stimulus.
terminate some type of
unpleasant event or
stimulus.
prevent some type of
unpleasant event or
stimulus.
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In operant conditioning, avoidance
conditioning occurs when an animal or
person learns that a response will:
1.
2.
3.
4.
have no consequences.
terminate some type of
unpleasant event or
stimulus.
produce some type of
unpleasant event or
stimulus.
prevent some type of
unpleasant event or
stimulus.
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According to the theory of operant conditioning, when
the removal of a stimulus, after a response has
occurred, decreases the likelihood of the response
occurring again, the process is referred to as:
1. negative
reinforcement.
2. negative punishment.
3. positive punishment.
4. positive
reinforcement.
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Kim used to arrive late for work nearly every day, and finally her
boss fired her. She has since gotten a new job and she makes sure
she arrives at work on time. Based on what is known about operant
conditioning, you should conclude that, for Kim, losing her job
acted as a:
1.
2.
3.
4.
conditioned stimulus for
coming to work late.
positive punisher for
coming to work late.
negative punisher for
coming to work late.
negative reinforcer for
coming to work late.
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With operant conditioning, if a response will only be reinforced after
a specified, unchanging number of responses have previously
been made, the reinforcement schedule that is in place is referred
to as a:
1. variable-interval
schedule.
2. fixed-interval
schedule.
3. variable-ratio
schedule.
4. fixed-ratio schedule.
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Elsie's mail arrives at the same time every day. For two weeks, while Elsie
was waiting for her tax refund, she kept looking out the window to see if
the mail had arrived. Based on what is known about schedules of
reinforcement, you should conclude that Elsie's behaviour of "watching for
the mail" was being reinforced based on a:
1. variable-interval
schedule.
2. variable-ratio
schedule.
3. fixed-ratio schedule.
4. fixed-interval
schedule.
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Karl has been trying to reach Myra for 45 minutes, but her phone is
busy. He redials every few minutes, but he still hasn't been able to
get through. Based on what is known about schedules of
reinforcement, you should conclude that Karl's redialing is being
reinforced based on a:
1. fixed-interval
schedule.
2. variable-interval
schedule.
3. variable-ratio
schedule.
4. fixed-ratio schedule.
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Based on Albert Bandura's view of learning, when we learn about
the potential consequences of a behavioural response, without
directly experiencing the consequences for ourselves, the process
that is at work is referred to as:
1. observational
learning.
2. classical
conditioning.
3. operant
conditioning.
4. latent learning.
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In learning theory, when a behavioural response
becomes weaker after an individual observes a model
being punished for the same behaviour, the process at
work is referred to as:
1. systematic
desensitization.
2. vicarious punishment.
3. second-order
conditioning.
4. vicarious
reinforcement.
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