Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To:
Discovering Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury
Discovering Psychology 4e
Worth Publishers (2007)
Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
I think I’m in love.
You’re so emotional.
I’m Hungry
Concepts & Theories
What’s it all mean?
Concepts & Theories
500
400
300
200
100
I’m Hungry
500
400
300
200
100
I think I’m in love.
500
400
300
200
100
You’re so emotional.
500
400
300
200
100
What’s it all mean?
500
400
300
200
100
1. According to ____, people are
motivated to engage in certain
behaviors because of evolutionary
programming.
•
•
•
•
A) instinct theories
B) Darwinian theories
C) innate theories
D) activation theories
2. Drive theories explain
motivation by stressing our
biological need to sustain:
•
•
•
•
A) a state of biological need.
B) drive equilibrium.
C) homeostasis.
D) fixed action patterns.
3. ____ is to “push,” as ____ is to “pull.”
•
•
•
•
A) Drive; incentive
B) Instinct; drive
C) Arousal; homeostasis
D) Incentive; motivation
4. People are often motivated to do
things in an effort to “seek out”
stimulation. This observation is
explained by the ___ theory.
•
•
•
•
A) incentive
B) drive
C) attention
D) arousal
5. According to Abraham Maslow,
some of our motivation must be
attributable to:
• A) meeting our basic psychological
needs first.
• B) our desire to be the best we can
be.
• C) wish fulfillment of our wants.
• D) sensation seeking.
6. Over time, most people experience
____, where the number of calories
consumed matches the number of
calories expended.
•
•
•
•
A) baseline body weight
B) energy balance
C) homogeneity
D) satiation
7. After eating, there is a decline in the
positive incentive value of specific
foods you are eating. This is called:
•
•
•
•
A) positive incentive value.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) sensory-specific satiety.
D) energy homeostasis.
8. Increased brain levels of
neuropeptide Y has the effect of:
•
•
•
•
A) triggering eating behavior.
B) increasing body metabolism.
C) reducing fat storage.
D) increasing levels of leptin.
9. People with ___ experience extreme
episodes of binge eating, followed by
purging through laxatives or enemas.
•
•
•
•
A) anorexia nervosa
B) binge-purge disorder
C) bulimia nervosa
D) weight cycling
10. Four key features define anorexia
nervosa and include all of the
following, except the anorexic:
• A) is intensely afraid of gaining weight.
• B) has a distorted perception of his/her
body.
• C) refuses to maintain a minimally normal
body weight.
• D) recognizes he/she has an eating
disorder.
11. Evolutionary psychologists
would argue that men seek mates
who ____ and women seek mates
who ____.
•
•
•
•
A) are attractive; are intelligent.
B) are attractive; are strong.
C) are feminine; masculine.
D) are young; are wealthy.
12. After orgasm, the male experiences
the typical response of:
•
•
•
•
A) sexual orientation.
B) refractory period.
C) excitement.
D) a nap.
13. According to scientific studies on
sexual orientation, homosexuality in
males:
• A) is established in childhood and remains
fixed.
• B) could possibly be changed if they
wished to.
• C) occurs as the result of an
unpleasant heterosexual experience.
• D) occurs after “recruitment” by other
gay males in their teens.
14. According to the National Health and
Social Life Survey:
• A) receiving oral sex was the most preferred
sexual activity.
• B) more than half the people had sex with two
or more partners in the past year.
• C) the vast majority of people had either one
or no sexual partners in the past year.
• D) most married people are
dissatisfied with their sexual
relationships.
15. Sexual problems are most common
among:
•
•
•
•
A) homosexuals.
B) older women and younger men.
C) young women and older men.
D) married men and women.
16. For most artists, the motivation to
create is not fueled by wealth. They
engage in art because they enjoy it and
find it challenging. They are driven by:
•
•
•
•
A) biological drive.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) instinctual drive.
17. When you are faced with a
threatening stimulus, there is a
“shortcut” neural pathway from the:
•
•
•
•
A) hypothalamus to the amygdala.
B) amygdala to the cerebral cortex.
C) hypothalamus to the medulla.
D) thalamus to the amygdala.
18. Bandura believed that our motivation for
achievement is related to our appraisal of
our ability to succeed and called it:
•
•
•
•
A) cognitive-mediational theory.
B) self-efficacy.
C) faith-in-self hypothesis.
D) emotional intelligence.
19. According to the cognitive-mediational
theory of emotion:
• A) our emotional response is determined
by its personal meaning to us.
• B) our emotional response is the
interaction of physiological arousal and our
cognitive label.
• C) we experience emotion as the
result of physiological changes.
• D) none of the above.
20. When Steven held a pen in his teeth,
the comic strip he was reading seemed
funnier to him. This was explained by the
facial feedback hypothesis, which
supports:
• A) the two-factor theory.
• B) the cognitive-mediational
theory.
• C) the James-Lange theory.
• D) self-efficacy theory.
21. Bob says, “Women are so
emotional. Men are calmer and have
much more emotional control.” You
point out that, in actuality:
• A) women experience more emotions
than men.
• B) different cultures dictate how men
and women differ in handling emotion.
• C) women more easily express their
emotions.
• D) all of the above are true.
22. The idea that behavior is motivated
by an internal biological need is a(n)
___ theory.
•
•
•
•
A) instinct
B) incentive
C) drive
D) humanistic
23. Seeing the clock approach 12 noon can
trigger our appetite as a result of:
•
•
•
•
A) operant conditioning.
B) ghrelin, the hunger hormone.
C) CCK hormone.
D) classical conditioning.
24: Mark has a domineering mother and a
weak, passive father. Based on research, it
is likely that Mark:
•
•
•
•
A) will become homosexual.
B) could have any sexual orientation.
C) could definitely be bisexual.
D) will likely be abusive in sexual
relationships.
25. Emotion is a complex psychological
response that involves three distinct
components:
• A) subjective experience, physiological
response, and behavioral response.
• B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis.
• C) internal feeling, facial display, and
interpretation.
• D) arousal, action, and reflection.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. According to ____, people are
motivated to engage in certain
behaviors because of evolutionary
programming.
•
•
•
•
A) instinct theories
B) Darwinian theories
C) innate theories
D) activation theories
299
2. Drive theories explain
motivation by stressing our
biological need to sustain:
•
•
•
•
A) a state of biological need.
B) drive equilibrium.
C) homeostasis.
D) fixed action patterns.
300
3. ____ is to “push,” as ____ is to “pull.”
•
•
•
•
A) Drive; incentive
B) Instinct; drive
C) Arousal; homeostasis
D) Incentive; motivation
301
4. People are often motivated to do
things in an effort to “seek out”
stimulation. This observation is
explained by the ___ theory.
•
•
•
•
A) incentive
B) drive
C) attention
D) arousal
301
5. According to Abraham Maslow,
some of our motivation must be
attributable to:
• A) meeting our basic psychological
needs first.
• B) our desire to be the best we can
be.
• C) wish fulfillment of our wants.
• D) sensation seeking.
302
6. Over time, most people experience
____, where the number of calories
consumed matches the number of
calories expended.
•
•
•
•
A) baseline body weight
B) energy balance
C) homogeneity
D) satiation
303
7. After eating, there is a decline in the
positive incentive value of specific
foods you are eating. This is called:
•
•
•
•
A) positive incentive value.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) sensory-specific satiety.
D) energy homeostasis.
305
8. Increased brain levels of
neuropeptide Y has the effect of:
•
•
•
•
A) triggering eating behavior.
B) increasing body metabolism.
C) reducing fat storage.
D) increasing levels of leptin.
306
9. People with ___ experience extreme
episodes of binge eating, followed by
purging through laxatives or enemas.
•
•
•
•
A) anorexia nervosa
B) binge-purge disorder
C) bulimia nervosa
D) weight cycling
311
10. Four key features define anorexia
nervosa and include all of the
following, except the anorexic:
• A) is intensely afraid of gaining weight.
• B) has a distorted perception of his/her
body.
• C) refuses to maintain a minimally normal
body weight.
• D) recognizes he/she has an eating
disorder.
311
11. Evolutionary psychologists
would argue that men seek mates
who ____ and women seek mates
who ____.
•
•
•
•
A) are attractive; are intelligent.
B) are attractive; are strong.
C) are feminine; masculine.
D) are young; are wealthy.
314
12. After orgasm, the male experiences
the typical response of:
•
•
•
•
A) sexual orientation.
B) refractory period.
C) excitement.
D) a nap.
315
13. According to scientific studies on
sexual orientation, homosexuality in
males:
• A) is established in childhood and remains
fixed.
• B) can possibly be changed if they wished
to.
• C) occurs as the result of an
unpleasant heterosexual experience.
• D) occurs after “recruitment” by other
gay males in their teens.
318
14. According to the National Health and
Social Life Survey:
• A) receiving oral sex was the most preferred
sexual activity.
• B) more than half the people had sex with two
or more partners in the past year.
• C) the vast majority of people had either one
or no sexual partners in the past year.
• D) most married people are
dissatisfied with their sexual
relationships.
320
15. Sexual problems are most common
among:
•
•
•
•
A) homosexuals.
B) older women and younger men.
C) young women and older men.
D) married men and women.
322
16. For most artists, the motivation to
create is not fueled by wealth. They
engage in art because they enjoy it and
find it challenging. They are driven by:
•
•
•
•
A) biological drive.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) instinctual drive.
325
17. When you are faced with a
threatening stimulus, there is a
“shortcut” neural pathway from the:
•
•
•
•
A) hypothalamus to the amygdala.
B) amygdala to the cerebral cortex.
C) hypothalamus to the medulla.
D) thalamus to the amygdala.
333
18. Bandura believed that our motivation for
achievement is related to our appraisal of
our ability to succeed and called it:
•
•
•
•
A) cognitive-mediational theory.
B) self-efficacy.
C) faith-in-self hypothesis.
D) emotional intelligence.
343
19. According to the cognitive-mediational
theory of emotion:
• A) our emotional response is determined
by its personal meaning to us.
• B) our emotional response is the
interaction of physiological arousal and our
cognitive label.
• C) we experience emotion as the
result of physiological changes.
• D) none of the above.
341
20. When Steven held a pen in his teeth,
the comic strip he was reading seemed
funnier to him. This was explained by the
facial feedback hypothesis, which
supports:
• A) the two-factor theory.
• B) the cognitive-mediational
theory.
• C) the James-Lange theory.
• D) self-efficacy theory.
340
21. Bob says, “Women are so
emotional. Men are calmer and have
much more emotional control.” You
point out that, in actuality:
• A) women experience more emotions
than men.
• B) different cultures dictate how men
and women differ in handling emotion.
• C) women more easily express their
emotions.
• D) all of the above are true.
329
22. The idea that behavior is motivated
by an internal biological need is a(n)
___ theory.
•
•
•
•
A) instinct
B) incentive
C) drive
D) humanistic
300
23. Seeing the clock approach 12 noon can
trigger our appetite as a result of:
•
•
•
•
A) operant conditioning.
B) ghrelin, the hunger hormone.
C) CCK hormone.
D) classical conditioning.
305
24: Mark has a domineering mother and
weak, passive father. Based on research, it
is likely that Mark:
•
•
•
•
A) will become homosexual.
B) could have any sexual orientation.
C) could definitely be bisexual.
D) will likely be abusive in sexual
relationships.
317
25. Emotion is a complex psychological
response that involves three distinct
components:
• A) subjective experience, physiological
response, and behavioral response.
• B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis.
• C) internal feeling, facial display, and
interpretation.
• D) arousal, action, and reflection.
327
Acknowledgments
• Step Up Created by:
John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Discovering
Psychology 4e by
Hockenbury & Hockenbury
• Worth Publishers, 2007
Answers—Chapter 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A
C
A
D
B
B
C
A
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
C
D
D
B
A
C
C
B
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
D
B
A
C
C
C
D
B
25. A