Transcript Behavioral Theories - Educational Psychology Interactive

Using The Behavioral Approach
Define and contrast the three types of
behavioral learning theories (contiguity,
classical conditioning, and operant
conditioning), giving examples of how each
can be used in the classroom.
Developed by W. Huitt & J. Hummel (1999)
Behavior Modification Techniques
There are five categories of activities that can be
addressed with behavior modification
techniques:
• Develop a new behavior
• Strengthen a behavior
• Maintain an established behavior
• Stop inappropriate behavior
• Modify emotional behavior
Adapted from: Krumboltz, J., & Krumboltz, H. (1972). Changing children's
behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Develop a new behavior
Successive
Approximatio
n Principle
To teach a child to act in a
manner in which he has
seldom or never before
behaved, reward
successive steps to the
final behavior (also called
shaping).
Behavior Modification Techniques
Develop a new behavior
Continuous
Reinforcement
Principle
To develop a new
behavior that the child
has not previously
exhibited, arrange for an
immediate reward after
each correct
performance.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Develop a new behavior
Negative
Reinforcement
Principle
To increase a child's
performance in a particular
way, arrange for him to
avoid or escape a mild
aversive situation by
improving his behavior or by
allowing him to avoid the
aversive situation by
behaving appropriately.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Develop a new behavior
Cueing
Principle
To teach a child to
remember to act at a
specific time, arrange for
him to receive a cue for
the correct performance
just before the action is
expected rather than after
he has performed it
incorrectly.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Strengthen a new behavior
Decreasing
Reinforceme
nt Principle
To encourage a child to
continue performing an
established behavior with
few or no rewards,
gradually require a longer
time period or more
correct responses before a
correct behavior is
rewarded.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Strengthen a new behavior
Variable
Reinforceme
nt Principle
To improve or increase a
child's performance of a
certain activity, provide
the child with an
intermittent reward.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Maintain an established behavior
Substitution
Principle
To change reinforcers
when a previously
effective reward is no
longer controlling
behavior, present it just
before (or as soon as
possible to) the time you
present the new, hopefully
more effective reward.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Stop an inappropriate behavior
Satiation
Principle
To stop a child from acting
in a particular way, you
may allow him to continue
(or insist that he continue)
performing the undesired
act until he tires of it.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Stop an inappropriate behavior
Extinction
Principle
To stop a child from acting
in a particular way, you
may arrange conditions so
that he receives no
rewards following the
undesired act.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Stop an inappropriate behavior
Incompatible
Alternative
Principle
To stop a child from acting
in a particular way, you
may reward an alternative
action that is inconsistent
with or cannot be
performed at the same
time as the undesired act.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Stop an inappropriate behavior
Response
Cost
Principle
To stop a child from acting
in a certain way, remove a
pleasant stimulus
immediately after the action
occurs. Since response cost
results in increased hostility
and aggression, it should
only be used infrequently
and in conjunction with
reinforcement.
Behavior Modification Techniques
Modify emotional behavior
Avoidance
Principle
To teach a child to avoid a
certain type of situation,
simultaneously present to
the child the situation to
be avoided (or some
representation of it) and
some aversive condition (or
its representation).
Behavior Modification Techniques
Modify emotional behavior
Fear
Reduction
Principle
To help a child overcome his
fear of a particular
situation, gradually increase
his exposure to the feared
situation while he is
otherwise comfortable,
relaxed, secure or rewarded.